瑞典的生物质能应用及其对我国的启示

瑞典在过去三十年中持续地增加生物质能（bioenergy）应用,使生物质能达到国家能源总消费的约1／3。在这一过程中,生物质能的生产技术趋向成熟,生物燃料（biofuels）市场得到发展,大型装备和运输体系逐步改进,产业链初步形成。瑞典发展和应用生物质能的实践,对中国调整能源结构、实行节能减排、利用地区生物质资源,以及用工业化方式生产生物质能有一定借鉴意义。     

Post-Keynesian Economic Policies: The Case of Sweden

This paper attempts to present the basic features that would define a model of behavior suited to an institutional and post-Keynesian approach. To facilitate explanation, human behavior is divided into three phases: motivation, cognition and reasoning and decision-making. Motivation appears as a process directed toward the satisfaction of a complex structure of various needs and wants. The role of emotions and the social and cognitive aspects of motivation are recognized. Moreover, it is also recognized that human beings have limited cognitive and rational capacities, and it is accepted that they are potentially creative. Partly as a consequence of that, cognition becomes a social act and knowledge of reality is subject to fundamental uncertainty. Finally, human rationality (or intelligence) is associated with a search for good solutions, and it includes elements of procedural rationality, creativity and emotional rationality. The role of habits and institutions in all these phases is stressed.     

瑞典卓越中心的现状及典型案例分析

瑞典从1995年实施卓越中心项目以来,先后对近百个各类卓越中心进行5—10年的支持,每个中心能够得到500万～1000万克朗／年的资助,用于开展优秀的基础研究或应用研究,拓展与工业界之间的合作,实现研发成果产业化。这些卓越中心在吸引国际人才、促进瑞典各大学的人员交流、企业与学术界的交流方面表现积极,中心申请欧盟项目的能力也有所增强．     

Performance Payments for Groups: The Case of Carnivore Conservation in Northern Sweden

This paper presents a first empirical assessment of carnivore conservation under a performance payment scheme. In Sweden, reindeer herder villages are paid based on the number of lynx (lynx lynx) and wolverine (gulo gulo) offspring certified on their pastures. The villages decide on the internal payment distribution. It is generally assumed that benefit distribution rules are exogenous. We investigate them as an endogenous decision. The data reveals that villages’ group size has a direct negative effect on conservation outcomes and an indirect positive effect which impacts conservation outcomes through the benefit distribution rule. This result revises the collective action hypothesis on purely negative effects of group size.     

Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Fisheries: The Case of Multiple Regulatory Instruments in Sweden

The fishing sector is a candidate for efficient climate policies because it is commonly exempted from greenhouse gas taxes and the fundamental problem of using a common pool resource is far from optimally solved. At the same time, fisheries management has other objectives. This study uses Swedish fisheries to analyse how the fishing sector and its climate impact are affected by regulations aiming at: (1) solving the common pool problem (2) taxing greenhouse gas emissions and (3) maintaining small-scale fisheries. The empirical approach is a linear programming model where the effects of simultaneously using multiple regulations are analyzed. Solving the common pool problem will lead to a 30 % reduction in emissions and substantially increase economic returns. Taxing greenhouse gas emissions will further reduce emissions. Policies for maintaining the small-scale fleet will increase the size of this fleet segment, but at the cost of lower economic returns. However, combining this policy with fuel taxes will reduce the size of the small-scale fleet, thus counteracting the effects of the policy. If taxation induces fuel-saving innovations, it is shown that this will affect not only emissions and fleet structure, but also quota uptake.     

Local Labor Systems and Agricultural Activities: The Case of Tuscany

The features of the Italian economy cannot be properly understood without taking into account the territorial organization, in particular, the so called local productive systems. The Italian National Statistical Institute provides a partition of the Italian territory into Local Labor Systems (LLS) on the basis of the Population Census data. LLS are a set of contiguous municipalities with a high degree of self-containment of daily commuter travel. This paper focuses on a study of the structural characteristics of agriculture activities in the LLS of Tuscany on the basis of the micro-data from the last General Agricultural Census. The main aim is to provide a picture of the economic activities of the LLS by using data from the Population and the Industrial censuses also.

Training Systems and Labor Mobility: A Comparison between Germany and Sweden*

The mobility effect of general and specific training is a key issue in the debate on the design of educational systems. Using data from two retrospective life‐history surveys, we compare general school‐based vocational training and specific apprenticeship training with regard to inter‐firm, inter‐occupational and inter‐industrial mobility. The results show that workers with school‐based degrees display greater occupational mobility, while no difference in firm and industrial mobility can be discerned. This suggests that apprenticeships do not eliminate job search at labor market entry, that they reduce occupational mobility, and that responsiveness to structural change is similar under both training systems.     

金融创新效应的理论评述

20世纪60年代以来,金融创新层出不穷。金融创新既是促进金融市场发育、金融行业发展和经济增长的主要力量,也是带来金融风险、导致金融不稳定、加剧经济失衡的重要因素。本文从金融创新者的回报、金融创新对社会福利的影响、金融创新和经济波动的关系、金融创新与金融风险的扩散等方面对国外学者的代表性文献进行了梳理,进一步廓清了对金融创新的认识,从中得出了有关金融创新辩证、客观的评价。     

A New Approach to Identifying Structural Development in Economic Systems: The Case of the Queensland Economy

Recently, some economists have come to view economic development as a process of ongoing structural change which has self-organisational features. What is required is evidence concerning the self-organisational character of economic development. In other words, is economic growth associated with growth in the complexity of its structure and with a parallel rise in organisational interdependence? An extended version of qualitative input-output analysis, termed Minimal Flow Analysis (MFA), is used in this paper to analyse the structural linkages and changes that have occurred in the Queensland economy over the last two decades. The MFA evidence confirms that there has been a steady increase in the complexity of the Queensland economy. Economic coordination has occurred, to an increasing extent, through market intermediation. From a self-organisational perspective, it is clear that the Queensland economy has followed a rapid and coherent developmental path, marked by the emergence of bonded structures in its core and increasing complexity on its periphery.     

The Replacement Value of Wetlands in Sweden

Wetlands, in Sweden and elsewhere, have been suggestedas effective and low-cost sinks for agriculturalpollution. This paper estimates the value of usingwetlands for abatement of agricultural nitrogen loadon the Baltic Sea. A replacement value of wetlands isestimated for Sweden. The replacement value is definedand estimated as the difference between twocost-effective reductions of agricultural nitrogenpollution: one that uses wetlands for nitrogenabatement, and one that does not. It is shown that theuse of wetlands as nitrogen sinks can reduce the totalabatement costs of nitrogen emissions by 30% forSwedish agricultural sources of nitrogen pollution.     

社会创新的涵义与实践——"社会创新与建设创新型国家"国际研讨会综述(一)

2006年10月16-17日,中央编译局比较政治与经济研究中心联合英国文化协会、英国杨氏基金会在北京举办了“社会创新与建设创新型国家”国际研讨会。会议围绕“对社会新概念的认识”、“重要领域的社会创新”、“各部门对社会创新的作用”与“未来10年社会的优先发展项目”等议题进行了深入探讨,达成了广泛共识。以下两篇文章是关于本次会议主要议题的综述。[编者按]     

Rising Earnings Inequality in Sweden: The Role of Composition and Prices

The rise in cross‐sectional earnings inequality in Sweden between 1990 and 2002 is decomposed into changes in market prices of observable characteristics, changes in the composition of the labor force across demographic groups and industries, and changes in unobservables. The Swedish experience is then compared with that in the United States. In both countries, the rise in earnings inequality is a consequence of rising upper‐tail dispersion. Contrary to the U.S. experience, where the rise is largely driven by changing market prices of observables and increased residual dispersion, shifts in the Swedish labor‐force composition have contributed positively to the rise in the p90–p50 gap. The rise in the Swedish p99–p90 gap, however, is entirely accounted for by changes in prices and residual dispersion.     

Regional Industrial Renewal: The Growth of 'Antenna Technology' in West Sweden

The article analyses how a technical knowledge field ('antenna technology') is developed and exploited in a region (West Sweden). To identify regional actors, the paper outlines a way of delineating a technical knowledge field and its changes over time. Drawing on this, an historical account is given of the international and the regional development, focusing on the changing and expanding nature of industries and markets (from military to civilian applications) and technologies. The paper emphasizes the long regional history, providing experience, which together with a number of diversifications, has given regional actors a platform from which to exploit the growing economic utility of the technical knowledge. It is also shown why some applications have not been exploited in the region.     

The Temporary Leave Dilemma: Lone and Partnered Mothers in Sweden

Abstract

Lone mothers have to take care of a sick child with little or no help from the child's other parent and have to carry all costs connected to leave-taking. This paper empirically tests whether lone mothers take more temporary parental leave to care for sick children than partnered mothers and whether parental leave is associated with a signaling cost. The results from this study of Swedish mothers show that lone mothers use more temporary parental leave than partnered mothers. Further, within the group of lone mothers, those with higher socioeconomic status take less temporary parental leave than those with lower socioeconomic status, whereas no such differences are found within the group of partnered mothers. One possible interpretation is that signaling costs negatively influence the utilization of temporary parental leave for lone mothers.     

Insider-outsider forces in wage and employment determination: The case of Sweden

This paper applies a statistical approach used by Andersen & Hylleberg (1993) in their study of insider-outsider effects in wage-employment determination in the Danish manufacturing sector, to analyse insider-outsider effects in the Swedish private sector. Focusing on the univariate and multivariate trend properties of the data, a bivariate wage-employment error correction model is used as an explicit test-bed for the theoretical predictions of adjustments to anticipated and unanticipated shocks. According to the Blanchard & Summers (1986) insider-outsider model, the former changes are absorbed entirely by wages while the latter changes are reflected fully in employment. As in the case of analysis on Danish manufacturing data, it is found that the evidence based on data related to the Swedish private sector also fails to accept the Blanchard & Summers insider-outsider model in its unqualified version. Nonetheless several important traits of insider-outsider mechanisms seem to be in accordance with the observed evolution of the data.     

Interpreting income distributions in a welfare state: The case of Sweden

It is shown in this paper that the distribution of purchasing power, and hence probably also ‘economic well-being’, in a Welfare State like Sweden is not tightly connected with the contribution of households in the production system. Moreover, economic inequality is drastically exaggerated when income statistics are not adjusted for differences in working time and in the time-profile of income over life. However, it is also shown that some important inequalities are not removed even by the very ambitious tax and Welfare State system in Sweden, and that some new inequalities are in fact introduced. The paper also tries to highlight the wide wedges which in an ‘advanced’ Welfare State are necessarily driven between factor costs for firms and factor rewards for households. All this holds in particular for annual income.     

Regional Industrial Renewal: The Growth of 'Antenna Technology' in West Sweden

The article analyses how a technical knowledge field ('antenna technology') is developed and exploited in a region (West Sweden). To identify regional actors, the paper outlines a way of delineating a technical knowledge field and its changes over time. Drawing on this, an historical account is given of the international and the regional development, focusing on the changing and expanding nature of industries and markets (from military to civilian applications) and technologies. The paper emphasizes the long regional history, providing experience, which together with a number of diversifications, has given regional actors a platform from which to exploit the growing economic utility of the technical knowledge. It is also shown why some applications have not been exploited in the region.