区域贸易安排原产地规则构建的国际比较与借鉴

原产地规则是正确实施区域贸易安排优惠待遇的"守门人",是顺利实现区域贸易安排预期利益的重要前提和保证。本文在简要介绍区域贸易安排原产地规则基本内容的基础上,重点比较分析了主要国家区域贸易安排原产地规则构建的主要特点,以期为我国区域贸易安排原产地规则的制定提供参考。     

从原产地规则的未来寓意谈中国区域品牌的培育

非优惠性原产地规则因了"实质性改变"的难题、因了它与国际分工、比较优势的相悖,从未来看它代表着原产地标记,这意味着中国应加强产地建设,从农产品、工业品两大体系,政府、协会及企业三个层面上培育区域品牌。     

VALUE CONTENT AND PRODUCTION NETWORKS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA: APPLICATION OF AFTA AND ASEAN‐PLUS‐ONE FTA FORMULAS

Rules of origin are an integral part of all trade rules. To be eligible for Common Effective Preferential Tariffs under the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) agreement, a product must satisfy the conditions relative to value content. The present paper seeks to calculate value content of industries in Southeast Asia, using the formula specified by the rules of origin in AFTA, the ASEAN–China FTA, the ASEAN–Korea FTA, and the ASEAN–Japan FTA. Moreover, the paper attempts to calculate true value content of industries by applying a simple technique of input–output analysis, and to estimate error margins (i.e., overestimates) in calculating value content. The paper also examines the relationship between value content and production networks. The paper finds that many industries exhibited declines in local content during the period 1990–2000, but that the geographical spread of production networks raised the proportion of inputs supplied by the neighboring ASEAN countries, so that the contribution of the cumulative rule of origin increased.     

新加坡证券市场持续性信息披露的基本准则

新加坡交易所在上市规则中确定了及时披露重要信息的目的,是为了保持市场公平高效运作。上市规则中持续性信息披露的一般准则包括：重要性(实质性)信息准则、平等披露准则、法定披露渠道准则和鼓励自愿披露准则。     

原产地规则的经济效应研究

原产地规则是国际贸易中的核心规则之一,深刻地影响着国际贸易的发展。本文通过使用经典的包络方法对原产地规则的经济效应进行了深入分析,将原产地规则的经济效应具体分为"最终产品产量减少效应"、"中间投入品强制增加效应"以及"中间投入品替代效应"三种子效应。然后,在模型分析的基础上,以我国汽车零部件的原产地规则为例对三种子效应进行了具体分析。最后得出结论,原产地规则的核心在于提高中间投入品的本地化含量。一方面由于"最终产品产量减少效应",最终产品总产量趋于减少;另一方面,原产地规则通过"中间投入品强制增加效应"和"中间投入品替代效应"对中间投入品行业产生影响。     

Taylor Rules in a Limited Participation Model

We use the limited participation model of money as a laboratory for studying the operating characteristics of Taylor rules for setting the rate of interest. Rules are evaluated according to their ability to protect the economy from bad outcomes such as the burst of inflation observed in the 1970s. Based on our analysis, we argue for a rule which: (i) raises the nominal interest rate more than one-for-one with a rise in inflation; and (ii) does not change the interest rate in response to a change in output relative to trend.     

货物原产地规则中的从价百分比标准问题研究

货物原产地规则通常是指为确定货物原产地而实施的普遍适用的法律、法规和行政裁决。从价百分比标准是判定实质性改变的标准之一,是货物原产地规则中的重要问题,通过规定从价百分比标准,可保证一定的区域内增值,使区域内的相关产业得到保护。     

关联规则挖掘在学生成绩分析中的应用

关联规则技术是数据挖掘的最重要的组成部分之一,它用于发现大量数据中项集之间的有意义的关联和相关联系。本文使用关联规则挖掘技术对学生考试成绩进行了分析,挖掘出了具有一定可信度的规则,对指导教学有很重要的意义。     

服务贸易原产地规则:概念与效应

本文论述了服务贸易原产地规则的概念、特点及FTA中服务贸易原产地规则的效应及其选择,并进一步分析了北美和东亚地区FTA的服务贸易原产地规则。     

WTO规则与中国国家利益的维护

WTO规则在强调国家之间基本权利和义务对等的基础上,对发展中国家的权利义务作出了一些特殊安排,体现了WTO规则对成员国利益的考量与妥协,反映了WTO致力于促进自由贸易、提高人民生活水平、协调不同经济发展水平的国家之间共同与可持续发展的终极目标。自"入世"至今,中国已全面兑现《中国入世议定书》中的承诺,除有关认定我国非市场经济地位的特殊规定尚未终止使用外,过渡性具体产品保障机制等一系列不利于中国对外经济发展的限制性条款均已届满,中国已成功融入世界经济一体化进程之中。当今时代,经济利益已成为各国追求的核心价值目标,因此,充分利用WTO规则维护我国国家利益具有重大的现实意义。     

Rules of origin and exports in developing economies: The case of garment products

Relaxing restrictive rules of origin (ROO) in preferential market access can promote exports in developing economies by improving input sourcing flexibility, but actual ROO impacts remain an empirical question. This paper examines the European Union’s trade preferences, where origin requirements for knit and woven garment products were relaxed for beneficiaries in the Interim Economic Partnership Agreements (IEPA) from 2008 and for those in the Everything But Arms (EBA) scheme from 2011, respectively. The results show that ROO liberalization had little aggregate impact on knit and woven garment exports in IEPA beneficiaries, but increased the export values of woven garments in EBA beneficiaries by 36.3% during the post-period. Among EBA beneficiaries, duty-free imports of woven garments from Bangladesh and Cambodia into the EU increased sharply after ROO liberalization. These countries increased imported fabric from China, consistent with the theoretical prediction of ROO impacts. Thus, the impact of ROO on exports is heterogeneous across products and countries.     

我国FTA原产地规则协调与经济增长互动关系研究

本文根据我国现阶段FTA建设的进程与现状,从FTA建设中一个非常关键的问题———原产地规则出发,分析了其主要特点及存在的问题。为了进一步优化我国FTA建设进程同时也为了实现我国经济的快速增长,提出了对我国FTA原产地规则进行相应的协调。     

论优惠原产地规则对中国重叠式自由贸易区的经济影响

随着对外开放步伐的加快,我国与多个国家或地区建立了自由贸易区,促进了经济的发展。优惠原产地规则作为自由贸易区的主要特征,对中国重叠式自由贸易区的经济影响日益凸显。本文首先描述了中国重叠式自由贸易区的发展现状,分析了自由贸易区优惠原产地规则的主要特征。采用实证的方法,探讨了优惠原产地规则对中国与贸易伙伴之间贸易额的相关性。进一步分析了中国重叠式自由贸易区优惠原产地规则存在的问题以及改进的方向。     

对《原产地规则的经济效应研究》一文的质疑与商榷

《世界经济研究》杂志2010年第4期上刊发了《原产地规则的经济效应研究》一文,其中存在一些值得商榷之处:将国外对"优惠性原产地规则"的研究成果简单套用到"非优惠性原产地规则"的经济效应分析中;用相关数据来验证我国此间并未实施的汽车"40%本地化最低含量"的原产地效应;建议借鉴早已被WTO裁决违规的汽车零部件进口政策等。我们特此提出有关商榷,并认为相关数学模型的假定更适合政府采购中"本国货物"标准的经济分析。     

永康锡雕

<正>永康锡雕,俗称"打镴(打锡)"。是五金之乡重要的一门传统手工技艺,其制品古色古香,光泽清亮,晶莹夺目,多用于制作传统嫁妆、仪仗道具、佛事法器及生活日用品等,具有较高的实用和观赏价值。永康作为百工之乡,素多能工巧匠,他们在吸收各地锡雕工艺特长的基础上,不断创新出雕花、篆刻、抛光、车刨等精加工的新工艺,使永康锡雕在全国更是独领风骚。永康锡雕在光洁度、外形、内质上都胜人一筹。尤其是经过长期经验积累,永康艺人对锡料成色、等级的辨别,在没有检测仪器的情况下,也能达到相当精确的程度。他们通过敲打、拗折、牙咬、辨色等方法,区别出锡料的不同成色和等级,竟有72种之多,可见永康锡雕艺人的功力非同一般。     

‘Eating the bread out of their mouth’: Antwerp's export trade and generalized institutions, 1544–5

This article studies the distribution of exports from mid‐sixteenth‐century Antwerp at the individual and group level (grouped by merchant origin). Recently, scholars have argued that sixteenth‐century Antwerp, and in its wake a series of other cities, hosted an open‐access market as a result of an evolution towards open‐access institutions. However, the direct effect of this institutional change on merchant enterprise is hard to measure. Relying on detailed tax records, preferences at the individual merchant level for particular destinations and commodities are documented, to evaluate whether exporters had equal chances in Antwerp's export market. A few exporters had large export shares next to a multitude of smaller merchants. The exports of these smaller merchants to distant destinations and their participation in the export of important products demonstrate a fairly level commercial playing field with regard to their larger‐scale colleagues. Foreign traders had access to trade in Low Countries products, while local merchants were active in the export of major transit products. The activities of the latter group are particularly important; contrary to previous literature, Low Countries traders did not differ in their preference for home‐grown products.     

Rules of origin and technology spillovers from foreign direct investment under international duopoly

Using a simple three-country model of international duopoly, this study analyzes the optimal choice of rules of origin (ROO) in a free trade area/agreement (FTA) when firms from outside the FTA must undertake foreign direct investment (FDI) in FTA countries and conduct part of their production process within the FTA to comply with the ROO. FDI causes spillovers of the superior production technology from a non-FTA firm to its competitor within the FTA, depending on how much of the production process is shifted to the FTA area. In this situation, this study predicts that as the degree of multilateral trade liberalization before formation of the FTA is higher, the optimal ROO tends to be less stringent.     

欧盟优惠性原产地规则的调整与中国出口战略应对

欧盟优惠性原产地规则包括普惠制和优惠性贸易协定的相关安排,中国从欧盟享受的是普惠制待遇。随着2006～2008欧盟普惠制新方案的生效,许多情况发生了变化。为了尽可能的减少其负面影响,中国应该及时调整自己的战略方针,做好新一轮规划,并尽可能多方位利用其原产地规则,使其优惠性贸易协定为己所用。     

数字贸易发展的经济效应与推进方略

作为数字化时代的新型贸易模式,数字贸易将对未来的贸易方式、贸易产品、贸易参与者、贸易规则产生深远影响,具有重要的经济学理论价值和现实价值。从微观市场主体、市场效率以及全球贸易发展新动力等角度来看,数字贸易都能衍生出积极的经济效应,有望进一步提高贸易参与者的福利。但也正因为其全新的生产和交换属性,数字贸易的发展面临诸多制约因素,特别是数字贸易国际规则体系还未有效构建,各国数字贸易监管规则和重点也不同。鉴于此,我国需要从国家层面提高数字贸易战略地位,探索形成数字贸易发展新理念,并着力推动在WTO框架下完善数字贸易规则体系,在双边和区域贸易协定中加强数字贸易规则谈判,同时加快完善数字基础设施建设,探索数字贸易背景下新的产品分类体系。     

Preferential trade agreements between asymmetric countries: Free trade areas (with rules of origin) vs. customs unions

This paper examines differences in welfare implications between a free trade area (FTA) and a customs union (CU) for member countries differing in their market sizes. In a stylized three-country model of trade under oligopoly, we take into account the conditions that FTA members set external tariffs to induce their exporting firms to comply with rules of origin (ROO) within the trade bloc. This approach rules out trade deflection and regime switches in forming an effective FTA. The key findings are as follows: (i) Unless the difference in market size is too large and ROO are too restrictive, an FTA can be welfare-improving to countries with market size differential. (ii) The formation of a preferential trade agreement (either an FTA or a CU) is more likely to emerge between countries of similar market size. However, forming a CU allows for a greater degree of market size asymmetry than forming an FTA. (iii) Compared to the pre-PTA equilibrium, the greater reductions in external tariffs under an FTA than under a CU remain valid even for the case with market size asymmetry and preferential ROO. As such, a non-member country is relatively better off under an FTA. (iv) World welfare is higher under an FTA than under a CU when the market size asymmetry is moderate and ROO are less restrictive.