Different Problem,Same Solution: Contract‐Specialization in Venture Capital

Real‐world financial contracts vary greatly in the combinations of cash flow contingency terms and control rights used. Extant theoretical work explains such variation by arguing that each investor finely tailors contracts to mitigate investment‐specific incentive problems. We provide overwhelming evidence from 4,561 venture capital (VC) contracts that this tailoring is overstated: even though there is broad variation in contracting across VCs, each individual VC tends to specialize, recycling familiar terms. In fact, a VC typically restricts contracting choices to a small set of alternatives: 46% of the time, a VC uses the same exact cash flow contingencies as in one of her previous five contracts. We document specialization in both aggregated downside protection, and in each individual cash flow contingency term. Such specialization remains economically and statistically significant even after controlling for VC and company characteristics. We also find that VCs learn to use new contractual solutions from other VCs in her syndication network. Our findings challenge the traditional premise that each investor selects from the universe of combinations of terms to match an investment's unique contracting problem. Rather, the cumulative evidence indicates that contract‐specialization arises because investors better understand payoff consequences of familiar terms, and are reluctant to experiment with unknown combinations.     

Venture capitalist monitoring: Evidence from governance structures

We examine the impact of venture capitalist (VC) involvement, quality and exit on corporate governance structures at the time of and subsequent to an initial public offering (IPO). Venture capital backed firms utilize governance structures with greater levels of monitoring at the time of an IPO compared to non-backed firms, but this difference begins to dissipate over time. While short-lived, IPOs backed by high quality VCs have greater overall monitoring levels than those IPOs backed by low quality VCs. IPOs backed by high quality VCs use significantly more equity-based compensation than their low quality counterparts. Finally, the exit of a VC materially alters the governance structure of firms. Measures of governance decline following the departure of a venture capital firm. Overall, the presence of a venture capitalist affects governance structures of firms both at the IPO and through the early years as public firms.     

风险资本与风险资本市场

风险资本与风险资本市场存在着相互促进的关系。一个发达活跃的风险资本市场能够极大地刺激风险的扩张。流入高新技术企业的风险资本越多,成功上市的企业就越多,风险资本市场的功能发挥就越强,对社会资金的吸引力就越大,由此推动风险投资事业的发展。本文通过对风险资本与风险资本市场的关系分析,来论证我国二板市场的建立。     

Venture Capital Exit Rights

We investigate when and how venture capital contracts use exit rights such as drag‐along and tag‐along rights. Utilizing a data set of venture capital contracts from Germany, we find that almost all contracts allocate exit rights to the venture capitalist (VC) rather than to the entrepreneur. In our data set, the vast majority of exit rights deal with the sale of the entire company to a strategic investors rather than with initial public offerings (IPOs). We show that venture capital contracts include exit rights to mitigate potential hold‐up problems of the VC in the case of exit.     

Labor Regulations and European Venture Capital

European nations substitute between employment protection regulations and labor market expenditures (e.g., unemployment insurance benefits) for providing worker insurance. Employment regulations more directly tax firms making frequent labor adjustments than other labor market insurance mechanisms. Venture capital (VC) investors are especially sensitive to these labor adjustment costs. Nations favoring labor market expenditures as the mechanism for providing worker insurance developed stronger VC markets over 1990–2008, especially in high‐volatility sectors. In this context, policy mechanisms are more important than the overall level of worker insurance.     

Firm-specific Human Capital Accumulation: Evidence from Brazil*

We introduce firm-specific returns to experience and tenure into a standard two-way fixed effects model, show that they are separately identified under the standard exogenous mobility assumption and with sufficient between firm mobility, and provide a new evidence on heterogeneity of returns to experience and tenure across firms using the administrative data from Brazil over the years 1999–2014. We document that (1) returns to tenure are not strongly related to firm wage premia, (2) returns to experience are strongly negatively correlated with firm wage premia, (3) the relationship between firm wage premium and return to experience is stronger for ‘blue collar’ firms.     

培养中国的风险投资家

风险投资作为一种对高科技的高风险、高收益的投融资活动,人的重要性发挥的淋漓尽致。风险投资作为风险投资的核心主体,推动或制约着一国风险投资业的发展。本文通过对美国早期和现代风险投资家的比较分析,总结美国风险投资家的特点,提出了中国风险投资家应具备的素质及目前我们应采取的措施。     

Emerging Social-economic Institutions in the Venture Capital Industry:

Nine venture capital organizations which are taking equity positions with socially guided as well as financial goals are investigated. The organizations are presented as new entrants to ihe financial industry , and are placed in the context of community development financial institutions and social investment funds . Four emerging models are identified; socially guided venture capital networks, socially guided private funds, Specialized Small Business Development Corporations and equity Community Development Corporations . Forty nine deals of six of the organizations are analyzed for financial and social outcomes. The paper concludes that the private venture funds have the most promising future, and predicts the emergence of publicly offered venture capital funds that incorporate social goals.     

发展风险投资 推动高技术创新

本文讨论了在世界上盛行但在我国发展有困难的风险投资事业.本文首先介绍风险投资的意义和特征,然后分析其在我国发展的现状和问题,最后提出了发展我国风险投资的对策,以促进我国高技术创新的发展和经济增长方式的转变.     

Strategic Planning and Implementation Success in Public Service Organizations: Evidence from Canada

In this article, we examine the role that formal strategic planning plays in determining the success of strategy implementation in a set of more than 150 public service organizations from Canada. We also analyse the mediating effects of managerial involvement in strategic planning and the moderating effects of stakeholder uncertainty on the planning-implementation relationship. A structured online questionnaire was used to collect the data. Our findings suggest that formal strategic planning has a strong positive relationship with implementation, which, though mediated by managerial involvement, becomes even more salient in the face of stakeholder uncertainty. Several implications of these findings are discussed.     

Firm Complexity and Capital Structure: Evidence from Italian Diversified Firms

This paper examines the links between product diversification, international diversification and capital structure for a panel of medium and large Italian firms. The results indicate that the interaction between these two dimensions of diversification strategy has a negative and significant impact on leverage. Furthermore, debt maturity analysis reveals that firms pursuing a simultaneous dual diversification strategy have, in particular, lower long‐term debt ratios. Our findings support the hypothesis that the complexity that comes from diversification reduces debt levels. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

我国风险投资存在的问题及策略研究

随着我国高科技产业的发展,风险投资成为推动我国的科研成果商品化、高新技术产业化、高科技企业的成长发展的重要因素。风险投资是一种把资金投向蕴藏着高风险的高科技项目,旨在促进高科技成果尽快商品化,以取得高资本收益的投资行为。它也是高新技术产业化过程中的一个资金有效使用的支持系统,高新技术产业的发展离不开风险投资。本文主要研究了目前我国风险投资存在的问题,并提出发展和完善我国风险投资的策略。     

美国的创业投资:历程、机制与启示

创业投资可称得上是"经济增长的发动机".发达国家、尤其是美国创业投资的发展历程及其动力机制极大推进了全民创业、自主创新和国家竞争力提高,经过几十年的探索、实践,美国政府在支持创业企业和创业投资方面已形成了一整套成熟的模式.学习研究美国的成功经验和机制,对于构建中国特色的创业投资事业具有十分重要的战略意义.     

美国和德国的风险投资

众所周知，美国的风险投资业非常发达，而日本和德国的风险投资资业却并不发达。本文利用经验数据从各国的资本市场差异中探讨造成这一差异的根源。本文的看法是：发害的股票市场和并购市场使得风险投资基金可以通过IPO或企业并购退出所投资企业。而完善的退出机制及通畅的退出渠道正是建立一个发达的风险投资业的前提条件。     

风险投资环境研究及对策

风险投资是将资金投入高风险的经济活动中,并期望获得高额的收益的活动。风险投资在中国的发展刚刚起步,风险投资的概念还未被社会广泛接受,但在投资各个主体与客体等诸多影响因素方面都存在着许多问题,有待处理和解决。本文在分析风险投资发展中存在的主要问题基础上,着重阐述了建立风险投资环境支持体系的必要性,并具体提出我国风险投资业进一步发展的政策建议。     

我国风险投资存在的问题及策略研究

随着我国高科技产业的发展,风险投资成为推动我国的科研成果商品化、高新技术产业化、高科技企业的成长发展的重要因素。风险投资是一种把资金投向蕴藏着高风险的高科技项目,旨在促进高科技成果尽快商品化,以取得高资本收益的投资行为。它也是高新技术产业化过程中的一个资金有效使用的支持系统,高新技术产业的发展离不开风险投资。本文主要研究了目前我国风险投资存在的问题,并提出发展和完善我国风险投资的策略。     

创业投资契约机制与机会主义行为

文章从"经济人"的自利性、公平理论和信息不对称等方面分析创业投资活动中道德风险产生的理论原因,并根据投资方和创业方对创业投资契约条款的认知不同,对创业投资契约条款进行分类分析,找出双方的主要分歧,分析创业投资道德风险产生的现实原因。根据道德风险产生的原因,提出建立契约设置的动态调整机制,合理分配投资方和创业方的收益,减少投资方与创业方委托代理关系中的道德风险。这种动态调整机制包括企业价值动态分配机制、信息共享机制、支配权的相机调整机制、双向激励机制和风险分担机制。     

创业企业风险识别与评价模型研究

本文分析了创业企业的成长过程及风险特点,建立了风险识别指标体系,据此提出了创业企业风险的静态模糊识别模型及动态模糊识别模型。     

International Variations in Transparency and Capital Structure: Evidence from European Firms

This paper documents the impact of national transparency regimes on corporate capital structure in 14 European countries. After controlling for relevant firm, industry, and national variables, we find that owner-manager agency cost-reducing transparency such as higher levels of analysts following is associated with lower corporate debt levels. In contrast, transparency that reduces owner-creditor agency costs that helps creditors control business risks (and creditors-to-owners wealth transfers), such as disclosure timeliness, institutional trading activities, and enforcement of anti-insider trading laws, are associated with higher corporate debt levels. Among other transparency measures, levels of financial and governance disclosures are negatively associated with debt ratios and higher levels of audit intensity and accounting disclosures are positively associated with debt ratios. Further, transparency factors are more important for large firms and for firms in services and high technology.