Consumer Protection in Digital Market Place

在最近的二十年中,随着科学技术的发展互联网也以惊人的速度发展着,互联网如今已成为最重要的商业传播媒介这一,但在发展的同时,我们也应注意到一些潜在的问题。文章探讨了在互联网络里消费者的权益保护以及各国目前就使用一些好的可以被我国借鉴的方法以及电子商务在现实中发挥的重要作用。     

il factors of different plantations in differe

“十一五”时期是湖南经济社会加速发展的关键时期,按照湖南省委第八届三次会议提出的《湖南省全面小康社会规划纲要草案》的要求,这一时期,我省经济总量要在2000年基础上翻一番,人均GDP达到全国平均水平。“十一五”规划的制定和实施关乎全省发展大局,要把握好这一大局,就必须     

Stretching of Word Meaning in Semantic Changes

Part Ⅰ Language faithfully reflects the spirit of the age. As soiecity develops,new ideas are being conceived.and expressed by the people. Language, asthe carrier for the eagerest people who communicate, with each other, is toexpress new ideas, new processes, and new products. To meet the needs, alanguage can do three things:to form a new word, to borrow a word fromother languages, or add new meanings to established words. Of the threeways, the simplest one is to have old words taken in additional mean-ing. When a word losses its old meaning and comes to refer to something     

小议Lost in Translation的片名翻译

Lost in Translation的片名翻译需要以对片名,特别是"Translation"一词的正确理解为前提。本文以该影片片名的翻译为案例,提出片名翻译要在反映电影主要内容的同时,具备吸引力和美感。     

Convergence (and divergence) in the biological standard of living in the USA, 1820–1900

Standard economic indicators suggest that the USA experienced long-run economic growth throughout the nineteenth century. However, biological indicators, including human stature, offer a different picture, rising early in the century, falling (on average) mid-century, and rising again at the end of the century. This pattern varied across geographical regions. Using a unique data set, consisting of mean adult stature by state, we test for convergence in stature among states in the nineteenth century. We find that during the period of declining mean stature (1820–1870), heights actually diverged. Later in the century (1870–1890) we find a type of “negative” convergence indicating that stature among states tended to converge to a new, lower steady state. Only towards the end of the century (1880–1900) do we find classic convergence behavior. We argue that the diversity of economic experiences across regions, including urbanization, industrialization, and transportation improvements, explain this pattern of divergence and then convergence.

从in语看语录流行语的兴起

语录流行语在流行语的研究领域当中一直较少被学界所关注,事实上,在汉语流行语当中,不仅仅只有流行词语一种形式,语录也是我们生活中经常使用的流行语。近年来,随着in语的出现语录流行语也再次兴起,这也为流行语添加了新元素。in语在继承语录体形式的同时,还在时代的影响下发展出自己的特色,并且开辟出了一种新的传播方式,对汉语流行语产生了一定的影响。     

The moderating role of institutional networking in the customer orientation–trust/commitment–performance causal chain in China

This study uncovers the ignored role of institutional environment for marketing strategy and customer relationship management. Hypothesis tests in a sample of Chinese firms find support that channel networking strengthens the customer orientation–customer trust/commitment–firm performance (CTP) causal chain. In addition, the results show that government networking moderates this chain in a non-linear fashion. The CTP linkages are most salient when the firm develops a moderate level, rather than a high or low level of networking ties with government agencies.

Our Mother Tongue and Its Culture in English Learning

1.IntroductionAccording to the Sapir - Whorf Hypothesis, thelanguages we learn as a child (i.e., mother tongues)strongly influence the ways we think and view theworld. It is inevitable that in learning a second lan-guage transference happens and learners tend to per-ceive meanings in the second language (L2) from theirown culture. When speaking English, we may subcon-sciously transfer it into Chinese in mind. Differencesbetween two cultures affect the L2 learning in someway. There has been…     

Deviant behaviour? Inequality in Portugal 1565–1770

This study offers an estimate of Portuguese income inequality over a period of more than 200 years. It is presented in three widely spaced benchmarks: 1565, 1700 and 1770. This entirely new index is based in large measure on a little-researched annual personal income tax (décima) instituted in 1641. It covered all social classes, including nobility and clergy and every form of household earnings, and permits therefore a singularly accurate measure. It allows us to conclude that, in contrast with early modern Europe in general, Portugal experienced a notable decline in economic inequality. Several freshly minted quantitative indicators enable us to conclude that the burden of the explanation for this apparently ‘deviant’ behaviour can be ascribed to changes in the functional distribution of income. Significant transformations in Portuguese agriculture—towards labour-intensive products like maize and wine—permanently shifted the wage–rental ratio in favour of labour. The skill premium fell but its contribution was relatively modest. It was a time of sustained economic growth, but this was not associated with pronounced urbanization or industrialization.     

Private banks in early Michigan, 1837–1884

Using a comprehensive new data set on private (noncorporate) banks, we examine the business and business environment of private banking and exchange brokering in the state of Michigan from 1837 to the 1880s. The Michigan experience provides an example of the effect of widespread exchange brokers in an economy. We use econometric models to explain the determinants of the numbers of private banks in the state. We find that private banks were substitutes for locally issued state bank currency and were complements with adjacent states’ bank currency. With the demise of heterogeneous currencies, private banks transitioned their core business from exchange brokering to general banking. In both the antebellum and postbellum eras, private banks tended to exist when and where larger incorporated banks did not. Following the collapse of free banking in Michigan in the antebellum years, this was virtually the entire state. During the 1860s and 1870s, corporate banks used private banks as a root source to build on.     

When do incentives work in channels of distribution?

The incentive dilemma refers to a situation in which incentives are offered but do not work as intended. The authors suggest that, in an interorganizational context, whether a principal-provided incentive works is a function of how it is evaluated by an agent: for its contribution to the agent’s bottom line (instrumental evaluation) and for the extent it is strategically aligned with the agent’s direction (congruence evaluation). To further understand when incentives work, the influence of two key contextual variables—industry volatility and dependence—are examined. A field study featuring 57 semi-structured depth interviews and 386 responses from twin surveys in the information technology and brewing industries provide data for hypothesis testing. When and whether incentives work is demonstrated by certain conditions under which the agent’s evaluation of an incentive has positive or negative effects on its compliance and active representation. Further, some outcomes are reversed in the high volatility condition.     

从《Family in transition》看变迁中的家庭

一般说来,家庭作为一种以血缘关系为纽带的初级社会群体,是人们社会活动的基本单位。家庭社会功能的完善,能为下一代提供一个良好的成长、教育和社会化的环境,有益于社会的健康发展。阿琳·斯考尼克和杰罗姆·斯考尼克在《Family in transition》一文中向我们描述了近几十年来有关家庭转变的种种现象,以呈现家庭变迁中的方方面面。本文从《Family in transition》出发,对近几十年来变迁中的家庭模式作一个简单阐述。     

The Way for China to Become a World-power in Tourism

I.the Course of China Tourism Develop-mentSince the latter half of the 2 0 th century,tourism industry has become one of the rapidly de-veloping industries in the world.Although Chinatourism industry developed from a low level,it hasgradually developed into an important industry inthe national economy.It is now an emerging force ininternational tourism,after5 0 years'development,particularly after 2 0 years'rapid development sincethe policy of reform and opening to the world wasimplemented.O…     

Toward a “theoretical toolbox” for sustainability research in marketing

This paper provides a foundation for future marketing research on sustainability through the application of nine prominent organizational theories. Specifically, we consider the implications for sustainability offered by transaction cost economics, agency theory, institutional theory, population ecology, resource dependence theory, the resource-based view of the firm, upper echelons theory, social network theory, and signaling theory. We consider how each theory can help researchers to better understand the ways that firms engage in sustainable marketing and business practices, and we develop insights that emerge from simultaneous examination of complementary or competing theoretical perspectives.     

Relational benefits in services industries: The customer’s perspective

This research examines the benefits customers receive as a result of engaging in long-term relational exchanges with service firms. Findings from two studies indicate that consumer relational benefits can be categorized into three distinct benefit types: confidence, social, and special treatment benefits. Confidence benefits are received more and rated as more important than the other relational benefits by consumers, followed by social and special treatment benefits, respectively. Responses segmented by type of service business show a consistent pattern with respect to customer rankings of benefit importance. Management implications for relational strategies and future research implications of the findings are discussed. Kevin P. Gwinner is an assistant professor of marketing in the School of Business at East Carolina University, North Carolina. His primary research interest centers on improving and managing the performance of frontline, customer-contact employees. His research has been published in theInternational Journal of Service Industry Management, International Marketing Review, and theJournal of Marketing Education. Dwayne D. Gremler is an assistant professor of marketing in the College of Business and Economics at the University of Idaho. His current research interests are in services marketing, particularly customer loyalty and retention, relationship marketing, service encounters, and word-of-mouth communication. His work has been published in theInternational Journal of Service Industry Management, theJournal of Professional Services Marketing, andAdvances in Services Marketing and Management. Mary Jo Bitner is a professor of marketing and the research director for the Center for Services Marketing and Management at Arizona State University. Her research focuses on customer evaluations of service, service quality, and service delivery issues. She has published in theJournal of Marketing, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Journal of Business Research, Journal of Retailing, and theInternational Journal of Service Industry Management. She is coauthor of the textServices Marketing (McGraw-Hill, 1996).     

American education in the age of mass migrations 1870–1930

This paper derives original series of average years of schooling in the United States 1870–1930, which take into account the impact of mass migrations on the US educational level. We reconstruct the foreign-born US population by age and by country of origin, while combining data on the flow of migrants by country and the age pyramids of migrants by country. Then, we use original data on educational attainment in the nineteenth century presented in Morrisson and Murtin (J Human Cap, in press) in order to estimate the educational level of US immigrants by age and by country. As a result, our series are consistent with the first national estimates of average schooling in 1940. We show that mass migrations have had a significant but modest impact on the US average educational attainment. However, the educational gap between US natives and immigrants was large and increased with the second immigration wave, a phenomenon that most likely fostered the implementation of restrictive immigration rules in the 1920s.     

对"Made in China"商品的市场扩张创新研究

华货要同美货、日货一样需要通行天下,如此中国经济才能更好更快地发展.当"中国制造"的商品在世界市场中占的份额愈大愈有利中国经济的发展.目前"中国制造"的高科技工业产品在世界上不多,农产品、轻工产品也不多.2009年的全球金融危机下已加快推动"中国制造"的生活资料商品流通到世界市场上,这是我们争取创新世界市场的一个新机遇.