我国火力发电行业SO2排放许可限值约束作用研究

2017年,我国环保部门完成了火力发电等行业的排污许可证的核发,对我国建设排污权交易制度和实现“一证式”环境管理体制具有重要意义。围绕排污许可证中污染物的排放许可限值展开研究,应用脱钩原理对我国2003—2017年火力发电行业SO2排放与经济增长之间的脱钩关系进行分析,并基于脱钩理论,结合灰色预测方法GM(1,1)并运用情景假设法分析评价了排污许可证对我国2018—2020年火力发电行业SO2排放的约束作用强弱及其合理性,并提出建议。     

The Emergence of Market Power in Emission Rights Markets: The Role of Initial Permit Distribution

This paper offers an analytical model of emission permit markets in which a large number of regulated emitters participate, and derives formulae that estimate the degree of market distortion. These formulae clearly show the entire dependence of the ratio of market prices to competitive levels on the permit initial distribution as well as the existence of a threshold for effective market power. While the findings challenge a well-known conception of the Coase Theorem, they have significant policy implications vis-à-vis the Kyoto Protocol and the related policy debates on excess emission rights known as hot air.     

The Informational Value of Incumbency

This paper exploits the informational value of incumbency: incumbency confers voters information about governing politicians not available from challengers. We propose a measure of incumbency advantage that improves the use of pure reelection success. We also study the relationship between incumbency advantage, ideological bias, and terms in office. Our argument emphasizes that incumbency affects candidates' chances of winning even if they had no opportunity to strategically utilize policies.     

“兽首”拍卖的营销启示

2009年2月,鼠、兔两首在佳士得拍卖会上拍出约合2亿元人民币,从商业角度看来,其成功的背后包含了一笔浓厚的市场营销色彩.从营销角度来解读问题,兽首拍卖无论是在销售诉求点上,还是在日标市场、定价策略、渠道策略和广告策略上,其营销策略的制定与实施值得借鉴.     

网络拍卖的法律风险及对策

当前,越来越多的拍卖网站开始从事拍卖活动,但在目前我国对这些网络拍卖行为还没有明确的法律法规对之进行调整,网络拍卖行为存在着很大的法律风险。因此,应从网络拍卖的概念界定出发,探讨网络拍卖所面临的法律风险及其对策。     

Optimality and Robustness of the English Auction

In Milgrom and Weber's (1982, Econometrica50, 1089–1122) “general symmetric model,” under a few additional regularity conditions, the English auction maximizes the seller's expected profit within the class of all posterior-implementable trading procedures and fails to do so among all interim incentive-compatible procedures in which “losers do not pay.” These results suggest that appropriate notions of robustness and simplicity which imply the optimality of the English auction for a risk-neutral seller must impose “bargaining-like” features on the set of feasible trading mechanisms. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: D44, D82.     

排污权交易模式的比较研究

文章将排污权交易模式分为无偿分配模式和有偿分配模式、短期交易模式和长期交易模式、存量分配模式和增量分配模式、现货交易模式和期货交易模式共四大类八种模式,并对这些模式进行比较,最后对交易模式选择给出相应建议.     

Robustness of the Incentive Compatible Combinatorial Auction

Goods are said to be combinatorial when the value of a bundle of goods is not equal to the sum of the values of the same goods unbundled. Investigations of combinatorial allocation problems should recognize that there are two separate aspects of such problems: anenvironmental distinction between multiple-unit allocation problems which involve combinatorial goods and those which do not do so, and aninstitutional distinction between auctions in which combinatorial values can be expressed as part of the bidding rules and those in which they cannot. Forsythe and Isaac (Research in Experimental Economics, Vol. 2 (1982). Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press, Inc.) reports the extension of the Vickrey auction into a demand-revealing, multiple unit, private goods auction that can incorporate combinatorial values. This current paper places that theoretically demand-revealing institution in a series of experimental environments in order to generate results (e.g. efficiencies) which may serve as a benchmark for other auctions (combinatorial or otherwise) whose implementation characteristics may be more favorable. To aid in interpretation of our Vickrey experimental results, we also provide results of alternatives to Vickrey allocations from both institutional and heuristic sources, as well as a discussion of the source of the Vickrey auctions high efficiencies even in the presence of misrevelation.     

我国特许经营发展现状及对策

特许经营作为一种先进的营销方式 ,近几年来在我国发展迅速 ,已成为国民经济发展的一个增长点 ,同时我国的特许经营也存在着诸多的问题。我们在积极引进、借鉴、吸收国外成功的经验和好的做法的同时 ,要结合自己的实际情况 ,探索一条行之有效的特许经营发展的路子。     

The Effect of Bidder Heterogeneity on Combinatorial Conservation Auction Designs

In an iterative combinatorial auction, bidders can submit bids on individual and/or on combinations of projects in a series of intermediate rounds, where bid prices are revised before a final allocation is made. The iterative format is useful for conservation service procurement as landholders can rely on market information revealed through the rounds to evaluate their choices of projects and bid prices. However, there is no single way of providing the market information. Different designs for generating price information have been proposed. Little is known about the performance of iterative combinatorial auction designs when heterogeneous bidders, with different cost structures, participate in an auction. Using an agent based model, we evaluate a selected set of designs under different bidder heterogeneity scenarios. We observe that higher degrees of heterogeneity lead to lower auction efficiency and that auction outcomes are highly sensitive to price feedback design choices.     

信息不对称对保险业的影响及治理措施

保险市场是一个典型的信息不对称市场,保险市场的不对称信息主要包括逆向选择和道德风险。保险市场信息不对称将导致保险市场资源配置的低效率,因此要加强保险市场信息披露,完善和发展保险技术,整顿市场秩序,以促进保险市场的健康发展。     

Informational spillovers and the coordination of speculative investments

Abstract. The influence of informational spillovers on the entrepreneur's incentive to undertake reversible investment opportunities is considered. It is shown how investment activity can be driven by the influence that the prospect of social learning has on the option value of investment. In this context, episodes of high investment activity result from a speculative motive, and the expected short‐run profitability of new investment opportunities may inadequately reflect the entrepreneurs’ incentive to invest.     

Intertemporal Permit Trading for the Control of Greenhouse Gas Emissions

This paper integrates two themes in the intertemporal permitliterature through the construction of an intertemporal bankingsystem for a pollutant that creates both stock and flow damages. A permit banking system for the special case of a pollutant thatonly causes stock damages is also developed. This latter,simpler case corresponds roughly to the greenhouse gas emissionreduction regime proposed by the U.S. Department of State as ameans of fulfilling the U.S. commitment to the FrameworkConvention on Climate Change. This paper shows that environmentalregulators can achieve the socially optimal level of emissionsand output through time by setting the correct total sum ofallowable emissions, and specifying the correct intertemporaltrading ratio for banking and borrowing. For the case ofgreenhouse gases, we show that the optimal growth rate of permitprices, and therefore the optimal intertemporal trading rate, hasthe closed-form solution equal to the ratio of current marginalstock damages to the discounted future value of marginal stockdamages less the decay rate of emissions in the atmosphere. Given a non-optimal negotiated emission path we then derive apermit banking system that has the potential to lower net socialcosts by adjusting the intertemporal trading ratio taking intoaccount the behavior of private agents. We use a simplenumerical simulation model to illustrate the potential gains fromvarious possible banking systems.     

向上叫价时钟双向拍卖机制设计

通过深入分析统一价格密封双向拍卖机制的诸多缺陷,充分借鉴单向拍卖市场上时钟拍卖的基本思想,将时钟拍卖引入双向拍卖市场,构建了一个无论从分配效率方面考虑还是从竞价风险方面考虑都优于统一价格密封双向拍卖机制,不仅为同类物品确定统一价格,还可以为不同类的物品确定其不同的价格的向上叫价时钟双向拍卖机制。     

The effect of EPA enforcement funding on private-sector pollution-control investment

The paper estimates the effects of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) enforcement budget upon the demand for pollution-control equipment in the private sector. There are two possible effects. A direct effect occurs when the enforcement budget is used for inspections that result in enforced compliance requiring additional pollution control equipment. A second effect is anticipatory, and arises from the private sector's objective of minimizing expected costs due to fines imposed by the EPA for infractions of pollution-control requirements. This component of demand depends, in part, on the EPA enforcement budget. We find that increases in the EPA budget increase the demand for pollution-abatement equipment. This in turn implies that increases in the EPA enforcement budget have been effective in mitigating pollution.     

我国发展特许经营的现状、问题及对策分析

一、特许经营发展的现状 所谓特许经营,是连锁经营的一种方式,是指特许者将自己所拥有的商标、商号、专利和专有技术、经营模式等,以特许经营合同的形式授予被特许者使用,被特许者按合同规定,在特许者统一的业务模式下从事经营活动,并向特许者支付相应的费用.它是特许者利用自己的商标、专利、专有技术等无形资产与他人的资本相结合来扩展经营规模的一种商业发展模式.     

The Performance of a Repeated Discriminatory Price Auction for Ecosystem Services

Environmental and Resource Economics - Government agencies often rely on repeated discriminatory price auctions to procure ecosystem services from private landowners despite limited evidence on...     

妨碍我国排污权交易政策实施的制度瓶颈分析

结合污染物的总量控制和排污许可证制度.我国已经进行了十多年的各类排污权交易试点工作.但是,排污权交易却至今未能形成一个全国统一的环境政策.本文利用制度分析框架从制度结构与不完全合约的角度对此进行分析,并认为妨碍我国排污权交易政策实施的制度瓶颈主要是排污权交易制度结构的缺陷.