天然气场站设备及电气控制系统防雷防护问题探析

雷电释放过程中产生的强大电流,伴随着高温和猛烈的冲击波,进而产生剧烈的静电场以及强烈的电磁辐射等物理效应,巨大能量施加到任何的设备设施上,如果得不到保护将会造成设备设施严重的破坏。目前我国的天然气已经普及,管线设备非常多,贯彻了我国的东南西北,并且每个地区之间的地质条件和气候条件相差巨大,甚至会呈现季节性雷雨频繁区域。如果产生天然气场站设备或者电气控制系统在运行的过程中受到雷电的袭击将会造成不可估量的损失,产生无法想象的后果,因此做好天然气场站和电力控制系统的防雷防护措施是非常重要的。     

关于切削温度理论计算公式的探讨

本文综合应用金属切削变形、材料塑性变形等理论和热传导及能量转换原理,分别推导出了剪切温度、摩擦温度以及切削温度的理论计算公式。此公式可方便有效地、正确地分析影响切削温度的因素及其规律,对分析和解决切削过程中出现的现象和问题具有一定的指导意义。     

静电吸墨系统（ESA）的创新技术

静电吸墨系统是通过给半导体压印辊施放高压静电,使半导体压印辊和版辊啮合部位产生静电场,从而使凹版滚筒表面墨穴中的油墨颗粒全部转移到印刷材料上,防止丢点情况的发生。     

渠道段糙率测试计算与分析

通过对在三泉水库渠道段两跌水处设计布置的两座梯形薄壁量水堰进行水力要素的量测,根据所测数据利用曼宁公式反求糙率法和能量方程渠段计算法对渠道断面进行了糙率计算,并对两者计算结果进行比对,验证了设计过流能力,为同类工程的设计及管理提供了一定的计算方法及有力的技术支撑。     

不规则运动轨迹的汽车喷涂系统排故方法研究

高压报警是高压静电喷涂机器人常见的一种故障形式,会造成机器人急停、静电场不均匀、喷涂上漆率下降等问题。针对某大型车企在使用DURR喷涂机器人过程中产生高压报警故障,故障特点及原因分析,介绍如何排查由于运动轨迹所引发的隐性故障。     

铝合金材料ε—N 曲线研究

本文分别采用 Manson—Coffin 公式和 Fu's 公式,对8条铝合金材料ε—N 曲线试验数据进行了分析、处理,并对两种公式所处理试验数据的绝对误差和相对误差作了比较。结果表明,Fu's 公式比著名的 Manson—Coffin 公式能更好地描述铝合金材料ε—N 曲线。而且 Fu's 公式还简化了ε—N 曲线的测试工作。     

基于推理公式原理的小流域洪水计算方法异同分析

目前常用的小流域洪水计算方法有基于无因次单位线的单位线法、洪峰流量经验公式法和推理公式法,而推理公式法有推理公式法(水利)、城市水文学法、推理公式法(市政) 3种不同形式。较多文章通过暴雨选样差别或匹配水利计算方法和市政排水方法推求洪峰流量来分析水利排涝和市政排水之间的关系,未从公式参数本身对比分析计算成果差异的根源。文章针对这一问题,从公式原理、计算参数入手分析3种公式在计算应用时的差异,得出集水时间的不同是公式计算结果差异的根本原因,而径流系数和设计暴雨的差别是由基础资料本身引起的,并由此说明3个公式的适用条件。     

浅析施工合同条件之价格调整公式

标准施工合同条件中采用价格调整公式调整材料价格风险,是合同公平原则的体现.针对施工合同条件的价格调整公式在相关文献及应用过程中,由于对公式部分变量含义的理解不同而导致有失合同公平原则的问题,分析公式中定值权重A与变值权重Bi、调价基数P0、可调因子的选择与价格指数F的含义,并通过变换价格调整公式及实例应用对其意义作了进...     

CHINAPLAS2011塑料机械绿色技术浅析

动力驱动能源再生及回收利用 交流伺服电机制动能量、液压系统回油能量、机筒加热散发能量等能量再生／回收利用是塑机节能技术不可缺少的一个部分。塑机节能的本质就是减少能量损耗，提高能量利用率。能量再生／回收利用是提高能量利用率的有效措施之一，开展对此问题的研发越来越引起人们的重视。不管是液压驱动还是全电动，都存在一个能量再生利用、提高能量利用率问题。     

塑料机械绿色技术浅析

动力驱动能源再生及回收利用交流伺服电机制动能量、液压系统回油能量、机筒加热散发能量等能量再生/回收利用是塑机节能技术不可缺少的一个部分.塑机节能的本质就是减少能量损耗,提高能量利用率.能量再生/回收利用是提高能量利用率的有效措施之一,开展对此问题的研发越来越引起人们的重视.不管是液压驱动还是全电动,都存在一个能量再生利用、提高能量利用率问题.     

基于开路电压预测的SOC估算方法

为了得到电池的荷电状态(SOC),提高其测算精度,更广泛适用于电动汽车能量管理系统,通过对锂电池进行恒流充、放电实验方法得到SOC和锂电池开路电压的曲线关系,然后将放电后的电池充分静置得到电压自恢复曲线的分析,再结合锂电池等效电路模型,应用Matlab拟合出锂电池开路电压曲线,从而推导出开路电压的计算公式,完成开路电压的预测。最后将实验结果与理论分析进行了对比,进一步验证了理论和仿真建模的正确性。这种方法克服了开路电压法测量时间长的缺点,能够准确地计算SOC,对电池管理系统有重要意义。     

基于关键技术合理规划地方新能源电动汽车产业发展

发展新能源电动汽车是解决能源和环境问题,实现汽车产业快速发展的有效途径,通过对电动汽车发展现状和关键技术的分析,明确了以纯电动汽车和混合动力汽车为主要发展目标,以电动机及其控制技术和动力电池及其管理技术为核心技术。结合河北省汽车产业发展现状,提出了多元化发展模式,建立基于关键技术的产业基地,实行高速电动汽车和低速电动汽车的差异化发展格局和优先有序发展低速电动汽车的产业发展规划,推进新能源汽车快速发展。     

日本新能源推进机制建设的最新动向及启示

日本已经建立了新能源开发利用的“综合机制”,包括政府主导的绿色配额制度和新能源激励政策体系,民间自主开展的绿色电力基金和绿色电力认证行为。为了进一步扩大对新能源的利用,日本健全了新能源开发利用机制：实施了“绿色电能批发交易制度”和收购太阳能剩余电力的“固定价格制度”。基于我国促进新能源开发与利用机制的现状,提出了完善我国新能源开发与利用机制的建议。     

一种大中型企业电能集中检测系统的电路原理

在大中型企业电能检测与调度是很重要的一项工作。本文着重介绍了电能自动检测系统的电路原理 ,该系统运行可靠 ,可节省大量人力和物力。     

2008年电力行业节能分析

随着节能减排工作的不断深入,电力行业取得了显著的节能减排效果。2008年,电力行业通过关停小火电机组、发展可再生能源、推广应用新技术、提高电网输送能力、拓展交易方式、提升管理水平等措施不断优化电力工业结构,节能效果明显。全年实现节约化石能源约4524万tce,相应减少COx排放约11115万t,减少S02排放约75．4万t,减少NOx排放约70．2万t。     

远程在线监测分时电能表的时钟超差问题研究

分析研究了分时电能表时钟超差问题产生的原因和由此带来的电量、电价、电费、服务等问题，介绍了电能信息采集系统中分时电能表的时钟校正功能、途径和效果。     

电网促进节能减排的综合框架体系研究

分析了1980-2009年我国线损率及电网节能情况,由于电网侧节能仅占电力行业节能量的很小一部分,提出了通过电网的平台作用促进电力行业和全社会节能。构建了电网促进全行业节能减排的综合框架体系,电网内部节能减排的主要指标包括提高电网输送能力、推广先进技术和线损管理措施;发挥电网的平台作用促进全社会节能减排的主要指标包括优化电网调度、接受新能源并网、推动发电权交易、推广电力需求侧管理、促进电动汽车发展等,并提出了相关建议。     

Elektroautos in einer von erneuerbaren Energien geprägten Energiewirtschaft

The German Federal Government wants to establish Germany as a leading market for electric mobility. Potential environmental benefits and changes in the economic framework conditions of the energy sector are described in this paper. In order to quantify the electricity split which is actually used for charging electric vehicles, two economic models for the energy sector, a model for the market penetration of electric vehicles, a vehicle model and an LCA model are brought together. Based on an assumed dynamic increase of electric vehicles to 12 million in 2030, an additional electricity demand of about 18 TWh is calculated. If the vehicles are charged directly after their last daily trip, the peak load increases by 12%—despite the small increase in electricity demand. First model calculations for the development of the European power generation system show that the direct impact on the construction of new power plants remains low even until 2030. An impact of electric mobility on CO₂ certificate prices can only be seen from 2025 onwards and is limited to an increase in certificate prices by a maximum of 8 % in 2030. An optimisation is possible with intelligent charging strategies: The peak load without demand side management can be reduced by 5 GW and about 600 GWh of additional wind energy can used which would otherwise have been throttled due to feed-in management—about 3.5 % of the total electricity demand of electric vehicles. On the other hand, demand side management leads to more coal power plants instead of gas power plants being used to meet the additional electricity demand. If additional renewable sources are installed along with demand side management, the electricity for electric vehicles is almost carbon free. This is also reflected in the life cycle balance of electric vehicles which also includes vehicle and battery production: With today’s average electricity split in Germany, the greenhouse gas emissions of electric vehicles are about comparable to vehicles with conventional combustion engines. However, the electricity split in 2030 or the use of additional renewable energy sources lead to a significant advantage in the greenhouse gas balance.     

Zur Akzeptanz von Stromspeichern in Unternehmen

The German Energy Transition challenges the German Energy System with the integration of renewable energy and its mainly fluctuating nature (especially wind and PV-energy). In order to balance energy demand and supply scholars critically discuss decentralized electric energy storages as an option to introduce more flexibility to the system. In an industrial setting electric energy storage solutions are especially of interest to implement load management, meaning a temporal deferral of load capacity, for peak-shaving activities and the possibility to achieve higher consumption rates of self-generated electricity. One question arises: What do companies think about the use of energy storage solutions in their companies as of today? This article offers an empirical starting point in looking further into detail concerning the overall attitude and the level of knowledge with regard to electrical energy storage solutions based on guided interviews with companies of the manufacturing and processing industry in Germany.     

Grid Load Contributions Through Electric Vehicles and Their Uncertainties

With the numbers of electric vehicles on the increase, their additional electricity demand can no longer be neglected. From a power systems’ perspective, it is the time dependent electricity consumption that matters. In particular, the peak demand is increased in the case of uncontrolled charging, imposing additional stress on the system. Unfortunately, since there is an absence of representative electric vehicle driving patterns, a quantification of such temporal charging requirements is challenging. To overcome this problem, we developed a detailed model, which maps combustion engine vehicles onto electric vehicle equivalents. The model’s main strengths are the consideration of the diversity within the vehicle fleet as well as the differentiation into the boundary cases of pure battery electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Applied to a German traffic study, load curves for these two cases were generated. In addition, the existing uncertainty in between was quantified using Monte Carlo method. We show that the peak energy demand through electric vehicles is much greater on working days than on weekend days. Moreover, we find that the distinction between pure and plug-in-hybrid electric vehicles matters, at least for the time being. Apart from the numerical results, the model is well suited to generate input for more sophisticated investigations of charging strategies within energy system simulations.