Common property and collective action in economic development

A fundamental issue in many LDCs is the degree to which natural resource mismanagement is caused by common property arrangements. This view has led to widespread attempts to “privatize” forests, rangelands and water resources. Many of these efforts have failed to stop overuse, and have contributed to inequality in resource distribution. This paper seriously questions this approach, and describes a number of reasons why common property may continue to be both efficient and equitable, complementing and combining with private rights in a way consistent with the resource endowments of village economies. A theoretical approach is outlined, showing that the “Tragedy of the Commons” is an unsatisfactory model of common property. An alternative model is presented, together with a call for research into institutional alternatives in resource management.     

Squatters,collective action,and participation: Learning from Lusaka

There are few large self-help housing projects that endeavour to have real squatter participation in the decision-making processes. Because of the substantial community building skills of the Zambians involved, the Lusaka Housing Project in Zambia may be a worthwhile example of what can be done. Utilizing the rational-actor model, this article identifies the core obstacles to collective action. Where collective action is necessary to deal with a problem, collective effort will rarely be rational and, hence, will rarely take place. If and when it does occur, it means increased leverage. At another level, therefore, this project raises a paradox. There is an intricate interdependence between rural and urban sectors in national development. Increased leverage for previously powerless urban squatters can add to the pressures for an urban bias in public expenditures and have negative consequences for rural development. If, however, there is no increased leverage, then one must question the reality of the participation.     

孝德文化与乡村秩序变迁中的集体行动困境研究

在当前,观念价值的多元化、利益诉求利己化、村民个体原子化是形成乡村集体行动困境的主要原因。孝德文化包含个人、家庭、社会三个层面的内涵要求,能够以个人道德的内驱性解决参与动力问题、伦理共同体的整合力解决集体认同问题、礼仪习俗的规范性解决有序参与问题、道德舆论的约束性解决参与稳定性问题,有效地化解集体行动困境。     

Towards collective business action and cross-sector collaboration in responsible competitiveness clusters in southern Africa

Responsible competitiveness clusters are cross-sector collaboration initiatives focused on identifying and acting upon synergies between sustainable development and economic competitiveness objectives. By means of three case studies in southern Africa this paper investigates the incentives, opportunities and challenges encountered in the emergence of such clusters. The first case study focuses on a regional response to the development challenges encountered in a South African mining area, the second describes efforts to make the Malawian agriculture sector more inclusive and competitive and the third discusses options for enhancing the competitiveness of the Lesotho textile sector. The paper concludes with a discussion of the role of international trade networks, the institutional framework, public sector support and internal governance processes as key factors influencing the initial level of success of these initiatives.     

Social capital and self-organised collective action: Lessons and insights from a South African community project

ABSTRACT

Through the lens of new institutional economics, this paper provides exploratory analysis of the elements of social capital behind the success of self-organised collective action in a longstanding and effective community-based conservation and development project. Our qualitative institutional analysis suggests that critical elements of project-level structural social capital in the Umgano project case study include: forward-thinking and capable leadership; long-standing partnerships with external agencies; sound operational structures and management; and legitimate participation facilitated by forms of representation that are transparent and accountable to constituents. In accordance with the theory, insights from the study also indicate that successful collective action relies on processes of long-term and earnest trust building, within and across communities, and between communities and external agents. Such insights serve as a point of reference for role-players in similar community-based projects and have the potential to inform future research on resource governance in South Africa.     

On collective and part-collective goods

Summary Part-collective goods are defined as a continuum between private and purely collective goods. Their degree of collectivity is indicated by a parameter as used in a special case of the CES production function. Factor inputs in the latter play the role of quantities available to individuals of the collective good; product in the production function corresponds with total quantity available of the collective good. Parameter values range from-1 (private goods) to −∞ (purely collective goods). External data determine the varying parameter values of a given partly collective good. The latter are in need of an allocation system. I am indebted to Professors P. Hennipman and D.J. Wolfson for useful discussions. Remaining errors are mine, of course.     

Fiscal Leadership and Coordination in the EMU

We analyze the role of fiscal-monetary policy interactions and fiscal coordination in EMU under the assumption of strategic wage setting in unionized labour markets. We find that production subsidies and real wage distortions are strategic complements. The literature on macroeconomic stabilisation policies and policy games usually neglects this point and reaches overoptimistic conclusions about the desirable effects of accommodating fiscal policies. Central bank preferences also affect the desirability of fiscal coordination in a monetary union. In fact, contrary to Beetsma and Bovenberg (1998), we find that fiscal coordination improves outcomes in the case of a conservative central banker, whereas it leads to worse outcomes with a populist one.

Endogenous Price Leadership and the Strategic Acquisition of Information

We model a differentiated Bertrand duopoly in which a firm's earlier knowledge of market demand than its competitor results in endogenous price leadership with the information advantaged firm leading. In such a setting with second‐mover advantage, we then study the firms’ incentives to acquire information and analyze an information acquisition game. Both (i) neither firm acquiring information and (ii) one firm acquiring information can arise as subgame perfect equilibrium, but both firms acquiring information is never an equilibrium outcome, even if information is free. Information may have a negative value if it causes a change in the timing of price competition.     

Wage formation in the context of collective bargaining

Summary The article analyzes wage developments resulting from collective bargaining between one union representing all employees and one employers' organization representing all employers. The context is an economy consisting of two markets: a labour market and a goods market. An analysis has been made of the costs and benefits for both parties in case of a strike. The strength of both parties has been analyzed, firstly under the assumption of perfect information and thereafter under the assumption of imperfect information. Important determinants of wage increases appear to be the strike costs, the horizon, the bargaining skills and the self confidence of both parties and the wage elasticity of the demand for labour.I acknowledge the helpful comments of Professors Muysken, Kuipers and Pen.     

论中国共产党第二代领导集体的文化选择

邓小平理论是党和人民在社会主义建设新时期历史的必然的文化选择。在邓小平理论中包含着丰富的如何进行先进文化建设的思想。改革开放以来的实践证明 ,邓小平理论是当代中国先进文化前进方向的突出代表。回顾第二代领导集体对中国先进文化选择方向的探索 ,能够为我们贯彻江泽民“5· 3 1”讲话精神 ,以“三个代表”来统领社会主义文化建设提供许多有益的启迪     

Integrability and aggregation in the theory of demand

Harold Hotelling believed that integrability was a necessary characteristic of both individual and market demand equations, and he demonstrated that it would hold if consumers did not have a budget constraint. If there was a budget constraint, he contended, the usual integrability condition would be replaced by a condition which assures that an integrating factor can be introduced. This paper shows that this condition can be satisfied only if the consumer's income effect is the same numerically for all goods. Aggregation by summation of individual demands is considered, and it is shown that this form of aggregation is valid if there is a budget constraint only when income effects are the same for all individuals.     

制度是第一领导力

制度是领导者进行领导活动的基本手段和依据,对制度运用的成效是衡量领导者能力大小的主要标尺,所以要成为优秀的领导者,必须努力寻求对制度本身潜力的挖掘,使之高效运转,推动所在集团利益的最大化。领导力的发挥以＂有效制度＂为根本保证,在维护制度对权力规范的前提下进行。     

地方高校与地方经济共生发展研究

在经济区域化和国际高等教育体制改革的大环境下,实现高等教育与区域经济的互动发展已成为人们的共识。本文通过高校与地方经济建设相关理论研究、主要互动模式进行探讨,提出地方高校与地方发展是一种互动双赢的关系。并针对地方高校与地方经济相互协作,共同构建,互为依托,提出共生发展措施。     

领导行为与企业文化的适配性研究

文章在理论分析的基础上,采用问卷调查和统计分析方法,通过比较不同企业文化情境下领导的效能差异,讨论领导行为与企业文化的适配关系。研究结果表明,交易型领导在目标导向和规则导向型企业文化中有更高的效能,即交易型领导与这两种文化情境存在适配关系;而变革型领导在革新导向和支持导向型企业文化中效能更高,表明变革型领导与这两种文化有适配性。     

灰色关联度法研究香港国际航运中心和国际金融中心的关系

本文通过建立航运中心和金融中心评价指标体系,利用灰色关联分析法从定量角度研究香港国际航运中心和国际金融中心的联动关系。研究结果显示,香港国际航运中心和国际金融中心存在一定的关联性,其关联度大于国民经济发展水平对两者的影响,且金融中心对航运中心的影响程度要大于航运中心对金融中心的影响程度。     

葛兰西文化领导权及现实意义

葛兰西基于西欧社会主义革命屡次失败的背景,进行总结反思在《狱中札记》中提出以市民社会为前提、以有机知识分子为支撑、以阵地战为策略的独特的文化领导权理论体系.文化领导权理论构建延续至今,揭示新时代对坚持党的领导、建设人才强国、把握意识形态领导权仍具有很大的现实意蕴.     

领导权力生命周期的探讨和应用

领导权力的上升、持续、衰落有一定的规律，即领导权力生命周期曲线是一条不规则抛物线。领导者在某一岗位任职时间的长短受领导权力生命周期的制约，正确理解、运用领导权力生命周期理论具有重要的现实意义。在领导权力上升期，应运用法定权力，尽快凸显个人权力；在持续期应弱化法定权力，强化个人权力，尽量达到“无为而治”；在衰落期应强化法定权力，弱化个人权力，采取“独断”为主的领导方法。