从保险消费观视角分析我国保险业的发展

对正确保险消费观的研究,不仅对我国保险消费者的消费行为具有重要的指导意义,而且对于完善我国保险市场,实现我国保险业的科学发展亦有十分重要的作用。正确保险消费观,是以风险转移为先,以购买经济保障为本,以互助共济为己任,以最大诚信为最高准则,以保险作为生存必须品,以可持续消费为目标的保险消费理念体系。保险保障形式是整个保障体系中最普遍、最经常、最基础和最重要的防灾救灾形式,它和社会保障共同处于整个防灾救灾体系的基础地位。     

我国保险文化与保险教育问题探讨

保险业的竞争,不仅是经济实力和管理水平的竞争,更是在企业文化基础上发展形成的保险文化的竞争。作为行业文化的一个重要组成部分,保险文化的研究、探讨与建设也日益受到保险业及相关部门的重视,保险文化建设与保险教育问题的研究和实践也在不断深入进行。本文结合我国保险业的实际,对保险文化与保险教育问题进行初步探讨。     

澳门保险业概况与启示

澳门作为中国的一个特别行政区,一个微型的经济体,其保险活动也有期自身的特点。澳门保险业随经济的发展取得了快速的发展壮大,文章对澳门的保险从业人员和公司、监管体制与活动管制等情况做了全面介绍,进而指出对我国内地保险业的借鉴意义。     

巨灾保险应该强制参保吗?——基于强制保险的发展逻辑

尽管利用巨灾保险来补偿巨灾损失的做法已经得到越来越多的认同,但是人们对于巨灾保险是否应该采取强制参保的方式尚存明显争议。本文通过考察强制保险的两种基本形态——社会保险与强制性商业责任保险的历史发展背景,总结出强制保险发展的基本逻辑,然后以此为衡量标准对巨灾保险是否应该采取强制参保的方式进行了探讨。本文研究发现,巨灾保险并没有满足采取强制参保方式的所有标准,这或许正是人们对这一问题存在争议的原因。     

On the economics of the longevity risk transfer market

We present a model of a longevity risk transfer market with different market players (primary insurers, reinsurers, and capital market investors) and investigate how market dynamics and the market players' roles evolve with progressing market saturation. We find that reinsurers' appetite for longevity risk is the key driver in the early stage of market development. Since diversification benefits with other businesses decrease with every transaction, the reinsurance market is intrinsically antimonopolistic. With the increasing saturation of the reinsurance sector as a whole, its competitiveness shrinks leading to rising expected risk-adjusted returns for capital market investors. We show that in a saturated market, reinsurers should assume the entire longevity risk from primary insurers, diversify it within their business mix, and subsequently pass on only specific (nondiversifiable) components of the longevity risk to the capital markets. Our findings provide valuable suggestions on how to make the best use of the market's limited risk absorption capacity.     

保险市场结构与非规范竞争

本文运用产业组织理论和简单的博弈论原理证明,保险企业采用给予折扣等非规范竞争是保险企业经营者的一种理性选择。而具体的非规范竞争行为又与市场需求弹性、保险企业管理水平、承保企业的所有制性质相关。根据对保险市场折扣行为的分析,笔者的结论是监管机构除了对相关行为进行有效监管以外,还要逐步放开费率厘定权、鼓励保险企业进行险种创新并进一步开放保险市场。     

保险中介市场风险状况及监管对策

当前,随着保险中介市场的快速发展,市场风险状况不容乐观,一般性风险普遍存在,个别机构因严重违法造成的风险已相当严重,同时,因保险中介经营模式创新引发的风险也不容忽视。这些风险如不能采取有效的监管措施加以控制,势必对保险中介市场平稳健康发展带来严重冲击。为此,应加快完善监管法律法规和制度,严格市场准入并建立有效的市场退出制度,强化保险公司对代理机构和保险营销员的管理责任,改革现行个人保险营销体制,细化从业人员资格考试,实行从业人员分级管理,充分发挥行业协会的自律职能。     

论信用保险项下重复保险制度的构建

信用保险在我国是一个新兴的保险种类,根据我国《保险法》对于保险的基本分类,信用保险属于财产保险的一种,但实际上信用保险较之一般的财产保险存在诸多特殊之处,特别是在重复保险问题上更是难以适用《保险法》针对财产保险所设计的相关制度,同时,也不能按照人身保险生命无价原理确定和解决重复保险问题。当信用保险市场开放时,各保险人就会面对重复保险如何界定和分担责任的问题。本文对这一问题提出了一些解决思路。     

财产保险的保险价值界定探析——解读新《保险法》第55条

保险价值在财产保险中占有核心地位,是确定赔付比例和赔偿限额的标准。在实务和媒体报道中,财产保险索赔争议案例多与对保险价值的不同理解有关。本文将通过案例分析保险法和保险条款对保险价值界定中存在的问题,并对保险价值相关立法和司法解释的进一步完善提出合理建议。     

Transdisciplinarity in land use science – A review of concepts,empirical findings and current practices

In the search for solutions to complex real-world problems, the benefits of transdisciplinary research (TDR) have been widely heralded. Land use science appears to be a designated field for TDR. However, to date, the additional expenses of TDR are accompanied by a so far not proved added value, and empirical findings are claimed to be scarce and dispersed over several disciplines and case studies.We reviewed 299 articles obtained from a structured literature search to (1) investigate the current differences between theory and practice, (2) identify empirical findings, and (3) ascertain the contributions of TDR to promoting sustainable land use management.Our results demonstrate that, in spite of an increasing conceptual consistency in the theoretical discussion of TDR, the implementation of TDR remains a substantial challenge, in part because of the gap between theory and practice. In addition, research on TDR is science and process centred. The benefits of TDR in addressing real-world problems within the field of land use remain unproven.     

考察美俄保险市场的若干思考

美国是全球最大的保险市场,交易活跃,成熟度高。同时,美国也是此次全球金融危机的发源地,其保险业受到金融海啸的巨大冲击和影响。与此相对的,俄罗斯是全球新兴的保险市场,发展较快但具有鲜明的转轨经济特征,市场机制和监管制度都尚未成型。美俄保险业各具特点,是全球范围内不同发展阶段保险市场的重要代表。在全球金融危机爆发一周年前夕,我们对美俄两国的保险业及保险监管进行了考察,对金融危机造成的影响和两国政府的应对措施进行了分析研究,并在此基础上,结合中国保险市场面临的形势和问题,形成了若干思考和建议。     

The design of an optimal insurance contract for irreplaceable commodities

This paper discusses optimal insurance contract for irreplaceable commodities. To describe the dual impacts on individuals when a loss occurs to the insured irreplaceable commodities, we use a state-dependent and bivariate utility function, which includes both the monetary wealth and sentimental value as two arguments. We show that over (full, partial) insurance is optimal when a decrease in sentimental value will increase (not change, decrease, respectively) the marginal utility of monetary wealth. Moreover, a non-zero deductible exists even without administration costs. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a positive fixed reimbursement is optimal if (1) the premium is actuarially fair, (2) the monetary loss is a constant, and (3) the utility function is additively separable and the marginal utility of money is higher in the loss state than in the no-loss state. We also characterize comparative statics of fixed-reimbursement insurance under an additively separable preference assumption. JEL Classification G22 · D86 The author acknowledge funding from National Science Council in Taiwan (NSC93-2416-H-130-020).     

中国农业居民医疗保险需求及其影响因素分析

本文基于2006年的微观横截面数据,运用似不相关二维probit模型与工具变量,分析了我国农业居民医疗保险需求及其影响因素,并着重考察了新型农村合作医疗保险与商业医疗保险之间的关系。研究的主要结论:一是参加新型农村合作医疗对乡村农业居民购买商业医疗保险有较显著的刺激作用;二是教育水平、年龄、居住省份、职业对乡村农业居民是否参加新型农村合作医疗有显著影响;职业、家庭规模和地区经济发展水平对乡村农业居民是否购买商业医疗保险有显著影响;三是在乡村农业居民是否参加新型农村合作医疗的决策中观测到逆向选择的行为。     

Cybersecurity insurance and risk-sharing

In today’s interconnected digital world, cybersecurity risks and resulting breaches are a fundamental concern to organizations and public policy setters. Accounting firms, as well as other firms providing risk advisory services, are concerned about their clients’ potential and actual breaches. Organizations cannot, however, eliminate all cybersecurity risks so as to achieve 100% security. Furthermore, at some point additional cybersecurity measures become more costly than the benefits from the incremental security. Thus, those responsible for preventing cybersecurity breaches within their organizations, as well as those providing risk advisory services to those organizations, need to think in terms of the cost-benefit aspects of cybersecurity investments. Besides investing in activities that prevent or mitigate the negative effects of cybersecurity breaches, organizations can invest in cybersecurity insurance as means of transferring some of the cybersecurity risks associated with potential future breaches.This paper provides a model for selecting the optimal set of cybersecurity insurance policies by a firm, given a finite number of policies being offered by one or more insurance companies. The optimal set of policies for the firm determined by this selection model can (and often does) contain at least three areas of possible losses not covered by the selected policies (called the Non-Coverage areas in this paper). By considering sets of insurance policies with three or more Non-Coverage areas, we show that a firm is often better able to address the frequently cited problems of high deductibles and low ceilings common in today’s cybersecurity insurance marketplace. Our selection model facilitates improved risk-sharing among cybersecurity insurance purchasers and sellers. As such, our model provides a basis for a more efficient cybersecurity insurance marketplace than currently exists. Our model is developed from the perspective of a firm purchasing the insurance policies (or the risk advisors guiding the firm) and assumes the firm’s objective in purchasing cybersecurity insurance is to minimize the sum of the costs of the premiums associated with the cybersecurity insurance policies selected and the sum of the expected losses not covered by the insurance policies.     

我国生猪保险现状分析

近年来,针对我国生猪市场出现的价格剧烈波动的情况,政府于2007年推出生猪保险措施。本文采取统计学方法,对主要生猪大省的生猪保险现状进行了深入的了解,参考各地的统计数据并结合生猪市场现状,运用供给—需求理论、成本—收益理论等方法,对生猪保险现状展开分析,得出养殖户面临的风险逐渐增大和生猪保险总量小、结构差异大、可操作性差、实施效率低、风险规避作用差、体系不完善以及养殖户对生猪保险认识不足的结论。同时,我们从制度、政策等方面提出了解决这些问题的方案。     

保险公司偿付能力风险信息对称性与市场供求

保险公司偿付能力充足性是保险监管的内容之一,但是这一信息却往往不被投保人所获知,造成保险供给(保险公司)和保险需求(投保人)两方信息的不对称.本文以保险公司存在偿付能力风险为基本假定,以累积性预期理论和风险调整资本收益率构建保险需求和供给模型,分析在信息对称条件下和信息不对称条件下保险需求的变化及其对保险供给和保险公司...     

论产品召回保险的性质

产品召回的前提是产品存在系统性缺陷而不管该缺陷是否已经造成损害.产品召回风险是一种或有的法定义务风险,即在一定条件下才存在的法定义务.召回费用是厂商履行召回义务的费用,而非民事损害赔款.因此,产品召回不是厂商对私法责任的承担而是对公法义务的履行.产品召回保险是一种义务保险而非责任保险,其标的应为整批产品虽存在系统性缺陷...     

欧美网络保险的最新发展及对我国的启示

随着互联网的兴起和快速发展,保险业正经历着一次重大变革。欧美国家的保险公司利用互联网等信息技术解决实际业务问题,为代理人、客户、潜在客户、合作伙伴提供各种服务,大幅降低了成本,并提高了业务效益、内部运营效率和合作有效性。本文主要分析了欧美网络保险的发展状况,并找出我国发展网络保险的差距。我国应该借鉴国外经验,结合国内有利环境,重点解决网络安全、风险控制和网上支付等技术瓶颈,全方位发展网络保险,以促进我国民族保险业的高效、快速发展,使之以全新的姿态积极参与国际保险市场的竞争。     

Huntington's disease,critical illness insurance and life insurance

We describe briefly a model of Huntington's disease (HD), a highly penetrant, dominantly inherited, fatal neurological disorder. Although it is a single-gene disorder, mutations are variable in their effects, depending on the number of times that the CAG trinucleotide is repeated in a certain region of the HD gene. The model covers: (a) rates of onset, depending on CAG repeat length as well as age; (b) post-onset rates of mortality; and (c) the distribution of CAG repeat lengths in the population. Using these, we study the critical illness and life insurance markets. We calculate premiums based on genetic test results that disclose the CAG repeat length, or more simply on a family history of HD. These vary widely with age and policy term; some are exceptionally high, but in a large number of cases cover could be offered within normal underwriting limits. We then consider the possible costs of adverse selection, in terms of increased premiums, under various possible moratoria on the use of genetic information, including family history. These are uniformly very small, because of the rarity of HD, but do show that the costs would be much larger in relative terms if family history could not be used in underwriting. We point out some difficulties involved in applying a moratorium that recognises simply a dichotomy between ‘carriers’ and ‘non-carriers’ of any mutation in a gene when these mutations are, in fact, very variable in their effects. These complexities suggest that restrictions on the disclosure, rather than on the use, of genetic information, if it became established as a principle, could deprive insurers of information needed for risk management even if not used in underwriting.