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This article examines the intraday price discovery process among stock index, index futures, and index options in Germany using DAX index securities and intraday transactions data. The three index securities contribute to a common factor, but the spot index and index futures have substantially larger information shares than index options. Moreover, the returns of the three index securities exhibit feedback effects, with futures being dominant. Because the trading costs of the futures appear to be the lowest of the three and those of the options to be the highest, the results are consistent with the transaction cost hypothesis. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 19: 619–643, 1999  相似文献   

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This article examines the performance of various hedge ratios estimated from different econometric models: The FIEC model is introduced as a new model for estimating the hedge ratio. Utilized in this study are NSA futures data, along with the ARFIMA-GARCH approach, the EC model, and the VAR model. Our analysis identifies the prevalence of a fractional cointegration relationship. The effects of incorporating such a relationship into futures hedging are investigated, as is the relative performance of various models with respect to different hedge horizons. Findings include: (i) Incorporation of conditional heteroskedasticity improves hedging performance; (ii) the hedge ratio of the EC model is consistently larger than that of the FIEC model, with the EC providing better post-sample hedging performance in the return–risk context; (iii) the EC hedging strategy (for longer hedge horizons of ten days or more) incorporating conditional heteroskedasticty is the dominant strategy; (iv) incorporating the fractional cointegration relationship does not improve the hedging performance over the EC model; (v) the conventional regression method provides the worst hedging outcomes for hedge horizons of five days or more. Whether these results (based on the NSA index) can be generalized to other cases is proposed as a topic for further research. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 19: 457–474, 1999  相似文献   

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Many researchers have found that spot and futures prices are not cointegrated in some commodity markets, or they are cointegrated but not with a cointegrating vector (1, −1). One interpretation is that disturbances to excess returns have a unit root persistence, which implies that spot and futures prices do not move together one-for-one in the long run. To provide an alternative explanation for this finding, this article proposes a regime switching model of spot prices that can be viewed in the same framework as Fama and French (1988). Based on this model, Monte Carlo experiments are performed to show that tests for cointegration and estimates of the cointegrating vector are likely to be biased when a sample contains infrequent changes in regime. Taking these shifts into account, the null hypothesis that spot and futures prices are cointegrated and move together one-for-one in the long run can no longer be rejected. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 18:871–901, 1998  相似文献   

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2021年以来,我国居民消费价格温和运行,工业生产者价格快速上涨。预计2022年CPI仍将延续温和运行态势,全年涨幅在2%左右,主要工业品价格中枢将趋于回落,PPI同比涨幅有明显下降,全年涨幅在2.2%左右。建议加强重点商品价格和价格总水平监测预测预警,持续做好重要民生商品和大宗商品保供稳价工作,加强重点领域价格调控和预期引导,保持宏观经济政策灵活适度,积极开展跨周期调节。  相似文献   

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Over the past decade, consumers’ electricity costs have risen disproportionally compared with the average inflation rate, mostly as the result of increased network tariffs and taxes. This development appears to be at odds with the stated purpose of introducing competition into the electricity sector through implementation of the EU Electricity Directive to realize benefits for end users in terms of lower prices as well as better quality of goods and services. This article discusses the conditions under which the price of electricity can be considered reasonable according to the Directive. The meaning of the term “reasonable” may depend on a number of factors, and it is necessary to distinguish between the various components of an energy bill. The various objectives of the directive could lead to diverging interpretations, even when applied to the same component of the bill, the supply price. According to the underlying market principle, reasonable may imply “economically efficient.” However, in line with the principle of universal service for households, reasonable should be understood to mean “affordable.” The article also examines the conditions under which a substantial rise of consumer energy costs due to increasing network tariffs can be justified. The focus of this article is on electricity, although, as stipulated under the Third Gas Directive, a consumer’s right to pay a reasonable price, while enjoying universal service, applies equally to gas. Therefore, the observations outlined in this paper are relevant also for gas consumers.  相似文献   

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农业用水价格现状及完善我国农业用水价格政策研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
在阐述农业用水价格概念的基础上,对国外农业用水价格政策进行了梳理,探讨了宏观调控下农业用水价格形成机制,分析了我国农业用水价格政策存在的问题,提出完善我国农业用水价格政策的对策。  相似文献   

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折扣价格与固定价格比较   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
戴贤远 《商业研究》2005,(2):100-101
固定价格和折扣价格是两种常用的定价策略 ,各有利弊。消费者面对固定价格时没有心理压力 ,没有价格方面的悬念 ;消费者面对折扣价格时 ,除了接受省钱的好处之外 ,也会在心理上对产品产生悬念。折扣价格的折扣有一个合理的水平 ,过量折扣的负作用是明显的  相似文献   

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