浅谈家庭消费中的人力资本投资风险

一、人力资本投资的特点人力资本比之物质资本既具有共同特点,又具有其特殊性。它们的共同点在于它们的自然属性方面,而人力资本的特殊性在于其社会属性。从自然属性上来说,人力资本与物质资本有如下的共性:第一、第二者都是投资的结果。物质资本,通过投资开发,从自然形态的物质转变为社会形态的物质资本;人力资本,通过投资开发,从一个自然人转变为社会人,获得“未来满足或未来收人的源泉”。第二、第三者在一定时期内都能获得资本投资收益。第三、第二者在使用过程中都会出现“折旧”或“磨损”。第四、第二者都面临未来收益的不确定性风险…     

利益相关者共同治理与弱利益相关者的保护

不同的利益相关者在剩余索取权和控制权的拥有上存在不平衡,物质资本投资人往往占有谈判与利益博弈中的强势,而人力资本投资人尤其是员工处于弱势。顾客由于信息的不对称、谈判地位的不对等原因也属于弱势,利益容易受侵害。对弱利益相关者的保护不仅关系到企业公平与绩效,而且关系到利益相关者共同治理的实现。     

人力资本投资对经济增长贡献率的实证研究与分析

美国著名的经济学家贝克尔把人力资本投资描述为“通过增加人的资源而影响未来的货币和物质收入的活动”,可见,投资是一种增加未来收入(物质和非物质)的活动。作为一种投资,人力资本投资同样也可会产生收益,这种收益放大到社会层面,即个体的人力资源增加,将提高人力资源对信息、知识、技术的获取、运用和转化能力,大大提高劳动生产率,从而带来社会经济的增长,这种经济的增长正是源于对人力资本的投资。因此,人力资本投资对经济增长有着巨大的贡献作用     

中国资本市场有效性的论证检验

资本市场有效性根据价格反映的信息量划分三个层次,以往文献以及文章的大量实证数据也表明中国资本市场虽已达到弱势有效,离强势有效还有距离。基于弱势有效的中国资本市场,技术分析难以获得超额收益。对于广大投资者最关心的投资策略问题,文章从宏观和微观两个层次将公开信息进行细分研究,探讨如何利用基本面分析跑赢大盘。     

企业人力资本投资的收益分析

企业人力资本投资是一种投资行为,因此必须要进行收益的测算,而人力资本投资不同于物质资本投资,人员在接受人力资本投资后不一定能带来直接的经济效益,企业人力资本投资的计算也存在诸多的不确定因素,在计算人力资本投资收益时,不仅要计算经济方面的收益,也要重视非经济因素的衡量。     

保护农民权益:基于马克思资本文明思想的分析

增加农民收入是保护农民权益的关键,农民增收缓慢和农民弱势地位的资本成因具有高度的复杂性。由于种种原因,土地、劳动力和资金要素没有给我国农民带来很好的资本收益。因此,要加大农民人力资本投资,提高农民劳动报酬;改革农村金融,激活民间资本;明晰农村土地产权,健全农村土地市场;扩大农民的土地增值收益和土地资本化收益,激活一切要素的潜能,切实维护农民经济利益。     

人力资本是一个股份制的产权形态

股份制是现代企业制度的核心内容。单个自然人是股份制形态人力资本的物质载体,团队是股份制形态的人力资本的组织载体,企业内部的各个能级的人力资本天然地构成团队股份制组织。人力资本再投资主体的多元化,进一步巩固了企业人力资本产权的股份制形态。人力资本与物质资本一样具有资本的共同属性,人力资本股份制与物质资本股份制的形成有着共同的特点。     

浅析智力资本及其信息披露原因

智力资本与一般意义上的资本有明显的区别,具有高度的增值性、难以模仿性、收益的高风险性、稀缺性和测度难等特点。智力资本信息披露不足将会影响投资者的投资决策,提高投资者的投资成本,还会进一步妨碍社会资源的优化配置,影响智力资本密集型企业的健康发展。企业披露智力资本信息是向外界传递公司的知识战略,有利于激励企业智力资本投资者的投资积极性和对内进行智力资本的管理。     

浅谈人力资本投资风险

人力资本投资具有不同于物质资本投资的特殊性，研究根据投资主体与客体的一致性与否分析了其可能的风险类型，从投资本身、人为因素、文化因素角度探讨了风险成因。可以采取人员素质测评、投资成本收益分析、信息服务、薪酬制度及加强道德建设的措施对可分散风险进行防范。     

大庆市龙南医院人力资本参与医院收益分配研究

资本具有收益属性,人力资本作为资本的特殊形态在参与社会成产过程中,由于其较大的生产弹性,其价值的创造巨大不可估量。因此,同物质资本一样,人力资本参与收益分配时必然之举。在医院的生产经营过程中,人力资本的价值与存在意义往往被忽略,致使人力资本参与医院的收益分配出现障碍,也导致了医院生产效益的下降。     

Currency risk in emerging equity markets

The paper develops an international capital asset-pricing model (ICAPM), which includes foreign currency risk, and examines the impact of capital market liberalisation on the pricing of risks. It applies the model to data from Pacific Basin financial markets and finds substantial evidence that not only currency risk is priced in both pre- and post-liberalisation periods, but the model is superior to one which does not include currency risk. This evidence suggests that an international capital asset-pricing model, which omits currency risk, will be misspecified. Furthermore, the results imply that since currency risk is priced and investors are compensated for bearing such risk they should not be discouraged by more flexible exchange rate regimes from investing in emerging markets.     

风险投资中的收益分配与激励机制探究——基于信息不对称下委托代理模型的分析

在信息不对称条件下,风险投资市场中的风险投资者与风险投资家会形成委托代理关系进而会导致逆向选择与道德风险问题的出现。从减少信息不对称和促使委托人与代理人双方收益趋向一致的角度出发,建立了一套分析风险投资者与风险投资家收益分配机制模型,根据模型分析得出收益分配的最佳方案,提出了更加完善的委托代理风险防范措施和激励机制,以解决风险投资者无法克服信息不对称所带来的逆向选择及道德风险等一系列实际问题,并在帮助风险投资者约束风险投资家的行为的基础上使自己的收益最大化,从而促进风险投资市场更加繁荣和健康发展。     

为什么中国经济会失衡——权力配置失衡下的经济失衡

为什么中国经济会失衡？已有文献分别从收入分配失衡、储蓄过度、资源要要素价格扭曲、计划生育政策所带来的扭曲等方面对此进行了解释。然而,本文认为中国经济失衡的本质在于收入分配的失衡,而决定收入分配失衡的原因在于国内的权力配置失衡和全球的权力配置失衡。国内的权力失衡会导致资源和收入向政府、国有垄断企业、资本所有者、企业主等经济主体的超额分配,使国内收入分配失衡。收入的失衡就会引致中国低消费、高储蓄、高投资和高出口。而美元霸权又导致全球资源向美国配置,并使中国的出口导向战略得以维持,从而加剧了中国的贸易和资本顺差。     

International perspectives on the supply of informal venture capital

Despite major changes in the number and range of sources of finance for new and small ventures in the United Kingdom in recent years, there continues to be a shortage of risk capital for ventures actively seeking external equity finance. In the United States the informal venture capital market plays a major role in filling this equity gap, particularly in the early stages of venture development.However, there is little comparable information on the size of the informal venture capital pool in the United Kingdom or other European economies, despite recent recognition that the apparent underdevelopment of this market in the U.K. represents a major barrier to the development and growth of new ventures. This paper, therefore, presents the first analysis of the informal venture capital market in the U.K. and compares the characteristics and attitudes of U.K. informal investors with those in the U.S.The data reported in this paper have been obtained from a combination of postal survey and snowball sample techniques that generated useable information from 86 informal investors. Informal investors are playing an important role in venture financing in the U.K. in three ways: they make small scale investments in new and early stage ventures, where the equity gap is most significant; they are more permissive in their financing decisions than the formal venture capital industry in terms of having lower rejection rates, longer exit horizons, and lower target rates of return; and they invest locally and can thereby close the regional equity gap arising from the overconcentration of venture capital investment in the core South-East region in the U.K.In terms of demographics, U.K. informal investors share many of the characteristics of North American informal investors: they are predominantly male, with an entrepreneurial background, financially well-off without being super-rich, and identify investment opportunities from friends and business associates. There are a number of key differences, that may be attributable to differences in contextual factors such as personal tax regimes, regulatory environments, wealth distribution, and the structure of the formal venture capital and IPO markets. For example, U.K. informal investors are significantly older than those in the U.S. reflecting the influence of higher U.K. tax rates on the rate of capital and wealth accumulation.More generally, in comparison to U.S. investors, U.K. informal investors: have more investment opportunities brought to their attention; seriously consider more proposals but invest in no more opportunities; operate independently with syndication and joint investment relatively uncommon, reducing the average total investment per financing round available to ventures; fail to identify entrepreneurs themselves as a primary source of information on investment opportunities; have higher rate of return and capital gains expectations; are slightly less patient investors; and are rather less satisfied with the overall performance of their informal investment portfolios, reflecting intercountry and intertemporal variations in investment climate and conditions. It appears, therefore, that the general inefficiency of the informal capital market identified by Wetzel (1987) (which reflects the invisibility of informal investors, the fragmented nature of the market, and the imperfect channels of communication between investor and entrepreneur) is compounded in the U.K. case. The extent to which this reflects contextual differences on the one hand or simply a slower developmental process in the U.K. will only be common methodological basis. Based on the evidence presented in this paper, however, a key conclusion is that the information networks available to U.K. informal investors are less effective than those in North America, and in particular appear to contain lower quality information and a higher degree of redundant information. Specific forms of intervention in the market by, for example, stimulating the flow of information through the promotion of informal investment networking and brokerage services along the lines of U.S. and Canadian examples such as VCN and COIN therefore appear defensible.     

Exchange rate regimes, globalisation, and the cost of capital in emerging markets

This paper presents a multifactor asset pricing model for currency, bond, and stock returns for ten emerging markets to investigate the effect of the exchange rate regime on the cost of capital and the integration of emerging financial markets. Our results suggest that a fixed exchange rate regime system can help reduce the cost of capital in emerging markets by reducing the currency risk premia demanded by foreign investors.     

Wirkungen der Abgeltungsteuer auf die Kapitalallokation — Anregungen für eine Reform

The flat tax was introduced in Germany in 2009. It is imposed on income from portfolio investment, such as interest and dividends, but also on gains from stock sales. As this paper shows, the tax causes a massive distortion of after-tax returns in favour of debt capital. The financing structure of companies will therefore change in favour of debt capital. The tax discriminates German investors against foreign investors and the profitability of equity decreases strongly. The withholding tax has serious conceptual weaknesses that cause a massive misallocation of capital and thus a lasting damage to growth in Germany. Several recommendations for the necessary amendments are outlined in the article.     

An Investigation of Web Usage for Investor Relations

Abstract

The Web has been a growing topic of interest since its introduction into the popular culture. This study examines the use of the WEB by Fortune 100 firms to communicate to and with current and potential investors. Each firm's site was reviewed for content and currency. Also, each firm was sent an inquiry via e-mail or form to get a feel for the responsiveness of the firm. The results indicate that large firms are, for the most part, maintaining sites with extensive information content relevant to investors and they are keeping them current. There does seem to be less interest, however, in having an interactive relationship with current and potential investors.     

The path of lease resistance: How changes to lease accounting treatment may impact your business

In this installment of Accounting Matters, we examine potential consequences of the Financial Accounting Standards Board's Proposed Accounting Standards Updates for Leases. In the context of a previous accounting change (FIN 48), we investigate how these changes will affect firms’ accounting choices, investment decisions, debt covenant requirements, and analysis of other key financial data. Changes in accounting standards may have significant indirect economic effect on companies as they can trigger debt covenant violations, restrict access to capital, and distort key financial information used by investors and lenders. New accounting standards may also directly affect the calculation of employee bonuses and incentives that utilize EBITDA or operating income as benchmarks. We include recommendations for managers and identify specific debt covenant components that may limit the negative consequences of the proposed change to lease accounting.     

Currency risk and the dynamics of German investors entry and exit in Russia

Using a complete manually collected set of 3435 Russian firms with German capital in 2003–2020, we examine the effect of currency risk on the dynamics of German investors' entry and exit into the Russian market via foreign direct investment. We document that German investors were relatively tolerant towards currency risk before 2014, and became highly sensitive post 2014. We conclude that, along with geopolitical factors, the free floating exchange rate regime adopted by the Central Bank of Russia in 2014 affected the incentives of German investors. We discuss various mechanisms to explain these findings.     

Valuation of Angel‐Backed Companies: The Role of Investor Human Capital

This article examines how angel investors' human capital affects the valuation of their portfolio companies, based on the pre‐money valuation of 123 investment rounds in 58 Belgian companies. We argue that angel investors with higher levels of human capital will perceive a higher value‐creating potential in entrepreneurial opportunities through their ability to see more value‐creating options, a higher value‐adding potential post‐investment, and an enhanced legitimacy provided to the venture. Economic theories suggest they appropriate these rents through lower valuations, whereas stewardship theory suggests they share value creation with entrepreneurs. Consistent with stewardship theory, we show angel investors negotiate higher valuations when they have higher levels of human capital, more specifically if they studied longer, have a business degree, more entrepreneurial experience, or previous professional law experience. As such, our results contrast with the behavior of venture capital investors who negotiate lower valuations when they have more experience.