消费者怀旧理论述评

20世纪90年代以来,消费者怀旧理论在西方的营销和广告学术及实践领域,甚至在整个社会领域,已成为一个非常普遍的研究主题.怀旧可分为个人或集体经历维度,以及直接或间接经历维度,消费者怀旧理论主要应用于怀旧倾向的测量、消费者群体细分,在品牌复兴与广告等市场营销领域也发挥着巨大作用.     

国内外消费者怀旧相关研究述评

近年来,国内外的营销和广告等学术及实务领域对消费者怀旧越来越关注。本文详尽回顾了国内外学者对于消费者怀旧的研究发展历程,对消费者怀旧的定义、怀旧的测量以及怀旧的营销应用进行了梳理和述评。     

当今社会的怀旧商品——浅析怀旧情感与怀旧消费的转化机制与营销策略

目前营销领域对怀旧的研究往往认为怀旧情感与怀旧消费有着理所当然的承接关系,基于大量的文献综述与理论分析,本研究发现,其实怀旧情感产生后向消费转化的过程是一个极其复杂的心理过程,企业也需要非常细致地研究和制定应对策略。本文主要介绍在现代社会环境下,怀旧商品在激发起消费者的情感认知以后,消费者心理有着怎样的变化规律,各类情形下消费者如何产生对商家、品牌以及企业的情感认知,进而对消费者的购买决策造成影响。     

消费者怀旧情感对品牌忠诚的影响

每个消费者都或多或少存在怀旧情感,企业很早就开始利用消费者的怀旧需求开展怀旧营销。消费者品牌关系是品牌忠诚的重要影响因素,而消费者怀旧水平对品牌信任与依恋有一定的影响,品牌信任和依恋对品牌承诺有很大的促进作用,品牌承诺是品牌忠诚的核心驱动因素。由此可见,消费者的怀旧情感可以通过品牌关系的中介而作用于品牌忠诚,企业可以通过开发各种营销策略,为消费者提供怀旧体验的平台,从而提高消费者的品牌忠诚度。     

怀旧消费决策模型及其营销启示

怀旧是人的天性,是人们感时伤怀的一种情绪。消费者怀旧消费决策主要包括产生于转化两个环节。消费者怀旧情感从纵向视角来看分为两个层次:怀旧倾向与怀旧强度,对应两大产生机制:内化机制与唤起机制。怀旧情感通过品牌信任、品牌依恋和品牌承诺的中介,从而转化怀旧购买。这种怀旧情感的产生-转化模型可以为企业开展怀旧营销提供思路。     

老字号真实性研究

本文从中国老字号真实性的角度出发,探讨了会影响老字号的因素,以求充分利用影响老字号真实性影响因素,寻求激发老字号竞争力,有针对性地做出合适的营销策略,并以怀旧强度作为调节变量研究了其在老字号真实性与消费者购买意愿之间的关系,对老字号企业使用怀旧情感做出适当的营销方式的变革调整。     

怀旧消费行为模式及形成路径分析

怀旧消费是在怀旧情绪催生下发生的消费行为,本文主要对怀旧消费的模式及形成机理进行了分析,把怀旧消费行为分为内生型怀旧消费和外驱型怀旧消费。并结合Frank Kardes的消费者行为理论模型,构建了怀旧消费行为形成路径,把怀旧消费行为分解为从怀旧情感反应到怀旧认知反应,再到怀旧行为反应的三个阶段,分析了怀旧消费形成机理。最后,提出了相应的促进怀旧消费的营销策略。     

运用情感策略提高广告营销效果探析

在市场竞争越来越激烈的情况下,消费者对传统的营销手段已经渐渐疏远。作为一种冲动行为的消费,需要企业转变原来的思维模式,进行广告营销过程中融入自己的情感。运用情感营销是一种极好的营销手段。本文探析了情感营销的起源与发展、巧妙运用情感进行广告营销的策略,包括重视消费者的人生观和价值观、通过自我情感宣传影响消费者提高广告营销效果、让自己的品牌具有象征意义提高广告营销效果三个方面进行了探讨。     

城市品牌依恋影响机理研究——基于上海、泉州、兰州、岳阳的实证分析

文章从消费者行为视角切入,运用结构方程的定量研究方法,通过"消费者—品牌"关系分析了利益相关者(居民、潜在迁入者、旅游者、投资者等)城市品牌依恋对其城市品牌忠诚的影响机理。实证结果表明,城市品牌个性、城市品牌享乐主义价值、怀旧情感、城市品牌涉入度对利益相关者城市品牌依恋的形成具有直接影响;利益相关者对城市品牌的依恋通过消费者—品牌关系(信任、满意、承诺维度)对其城市品牌忠诚产生显著影响。     

重新理解品牌功能评价过程:基于产品意义建构模型

对消费者如何做出品牌功能评价这一营销理论中的基本问题,现有研究受制于联想方法,一直没有建立理论模型。该研究假定,消费者以目标取向的意义建构方式形成了超越物理属性联想的品牌产品知识,并在这一过程中形成品牌功能评价。建立概念模型并对其进行了检验。结果表明,消费者建构工具性的品牌产品知识维度,即品牌独特性、品牌先进性、品牌正宗性和品牌优异性直接或间接地影响了品牌功能评价,而其对品牌本身的认知也直接或间接地影响工具性的品牌产品知识维度的建构,并最终影响品牌功能评价。研究结果对重新理解消费者的品牌功能评价提供了新的理论解释;为企业重新定义产品的塑造战略,更新产品管理体系和开展营销创新提供了指引。     

Circular or angular? How nostalgia affects product shape preference

As an important marketing strategy, nostalgia marketing is widely used by enterprises to attract consumers and influence their decision-making. Besides, feelings of nostalgia can be easily elicited in people's daily life and exert a great impact on them. Though the effect of nostalgia on consumer behavior has been extensively studied, whether and how nostalgia affects consumer preference for products with certain visual designs remain underexplored. Our research extends this domain by focusing on product shape preference as a new downstream consequence of nostalgia. Five studies (including one field experiment) demonstrate that nostalgia can increase consumer preference for circular-shaped products, with social connectedness as the underlying driver. Moreover, the indirect effect of nostalgia on circular shape preference via social connectedness is moderated by consumers' current social connections, such that the effect holds true for consumers with a low number of current social connections but is eliminated for those with a high number of current social connections. Together, marketers seeking to increase the sales of circular-shaped products may use nostalgic elements or cues in marketing campaigns.     

Development and validation of an emic scale to measure ad-evoked nostalgia in France

The practice of imbuing marketing communications with nostalgic reverie is prevalent in numerous countries. However, scholarly research investigating consumer response to such communication across cultures is lacking. This inquiry follows an emic approach examining and measuring ad-evoked personal nostalgia in France. Findings from five studies (N = 699) reveal significant differences in consumer reactions in France, as compared to earlier research based on American samples. Among the French, nostalgic advertising evokes personal memories and cultural nostalgia, contrasted to reports of past imagery, physiological and positive and negative emotional reactions in the United States. Furthermore, while cultural nostalgia is an important component of the French personal nostalgic experience, it is the personal memories that are the key to the creation of positive impressions about the ad and brand (brand heritage, brand bonds, and attitudes), and driving behavioral intentions. The emic French scale was found to be superior to an etic ad-nostalgia measure, in terms of fit and variance explained of the endogenous variables. The findings contribute to cross-cultural advertising and marketing research, and can be instructive for advertisers targeting the French market.     

Exploring the elements of consumer nostalgia in retailing: Evidence from a content analysis of retailer collages

This article focuses on consumer nostalgia in the retailing environment to identify the types of nostalgic memories evoked by remembering a retailer and the elements associated with such nostalgic memories. A projective technique involving collage construction enabled informants to reflect their feelings about, memories of, experiences with, or relationships with a retailer that they have selected. The findings uncovered three distinct types of retailer-related consumer nostalgic memories and six elements that comprise retailer-related consumer nostalgic memories. The findings of the study offer a comprehensive understanding of retailer consumer nostalgia. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.     

Bygone eras vs. the good Ol' days: how consumption context and self-construal influence nostalgic appeal selection

This research compares historical and personal nostalgic appeals with potential influences of consumption context and consumer self-construal. Results from two experiments indicate that, regardless of nostalgia type, a nostalgic ad is more effective than a non-nostalgic ad with similar visuals. Personal nostalgia is more effective than historical nostalgia in ads for private consumption contexts. In contrast, historical nostalgia is more effective than personal nostalgia for public consumption contexts. The above-mentioned results hold for those whose self-construal is interdependent self-construal, not for those with independent self-construal. Based on the findings, managerial implications for advertising practitioners are provided.     

Abandoning distinctiveness: The influence of nostalgia on consumer choice

This study proposes that when feeling nostalgic, consumers are more likely to choose the option that the majority of others prefer. Four studies consistently demonstrate that nostalgia can enhance consumers' social connectedness, which motivates them to maintain the feelings of connection to the group and thereby increases their preference for majority-endorsed options in the subsequent product choices. Moreover, the strength of social ties between consumers and others moderates the mediation effect of social connectedness. In the weak social ties condition, social connectedness mediates the effect of nostalgia on preference for majority-endorsed products. In the strong social ties condition, the mediation effect of social connectedness diminishes. These findings complement previous work on how nostalgia influences consumer behavior.     

Nostalgia and consumer preference for indulgent foods: The role of social connectedness

Prior qualitative research suggests a strong association between nostalgia and indulgent food consumption. Nonetheless, these qualitative findings do not explain the causal relationship between nostalgia and indulgent food consumption, or the mechanism underlying this relationship. To this end, the authors conduct four studies and show that highly nostalgic consumers have greater preference for indulgent foods. This relationship is mediated by social connectedness, whereby high (low) nostalgia works through high (low) social connectedness to increase (decrease) consumers’ preference for indulgent foods. This effect is moderated by eating companions, such that the effect of nostalgia on consumers’ preference for indulgent foods would be strengthened (vs. weakened) when eating with friends (vs. with strangers or alone). These findings have significant implications on consumer well‐being and policy‐making pertaining to consumer health.     

Away from “Unified Nostalgia”: Conceptual Differences of Personal and Historical Nostalgia Appeals in Advertising

Studies suggest that nostalgia can be split into two distinct forms: Personal and Historical nostalgia. This research explores these varieties of nostalgic appeal and, based on literature, proposes differing effects these variations may have on the important consumer behavior responses of cognition, emotions, attitudes, and purchase intentions. A review of the literature suggests that significant differences will exist dependent on the type of nostalgic appeal being used. The call for scales to test these appeals independently of one another is also made. Finally, this evidence suggests that treatment of nostalgia as a “unified” concept may be inaccurate in predicting true consumer responses and future studies should treat the two types as separate appeals if rigor is to be suggested.     

The relative influence of advertising-evoked personal and historical nostalgic thoughts on consumers' brand attitudes

Although researchers' conceptualizations of nostalgia (a yearning for the past) often acknowledge that it may be comprised of various types and forms, few studies to date have attempted to empirically investigate any of these differences in an advertising context. The study reported here examines two prevalent types of nostalgia reported in the literature and appearing in the media today – personal and historical nostalgia – and explores the relative influence each type may have on the formation of consumer brand attitudes. Findings suggest that, irrespective of whether individuals are exposed to a personally nostalgic or historically nostalgic ad, responses of a personally nostalgic nature tend to predominate and are more influential in shaping brand attitudes. Attitudes toward the ad were shown to mediate this relationship for both nostalgia ad types. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed, and future research directions are offered.