发展中国家货币危机以及对中国的启示

本文主要以阿根廷、土耳其和印度尼西亚这三个发展中国家为例,通过介绍各自货币危机发生的情况和原因,寻找共性并进行总结,提炼出发展中国家容易引发货币危机的主要原因:长期面临高外债、高通胀、国家经济结构单一和外汇储备偿债能力不足。并针对这些原因,结合我国当前经济发展特点,提出了要未雨绸缪,避免发生货币危机的对策建议:即保持外债负债率整体可控,警惕外债债务率过高、保持外汇储备偿债能力充足,增持黄金等稳定的外汇资产和控制货币供应量,抑制通货膨胀。     

Sovereign credit rating determinants: A comparison before and after the European debt crisis

This paper compares the importance of different sovereign credit rating determinants over time, using a sample of 90 countries for the years 2002–2015. Applying the composite marginal likelihood approach, we estimate a multi-year ordered probit model for each of the three major credit rating agencies. After the start of the European debt crisis in 2009, the importance of the financial balance, the economic development and the external debt increased substantially and the effect of eurozone membership switched from positive to negative. In addition, GDP growth gained a lot of importance for highly indebted sovereigns and government debt became much more important for countries with a low GDP growth rate. These findings provide empirical evidence that the credit rating agencies changed their sovereign credit rating assessment after the start of the European debt crisis.     

欧洲主权债务危机演进及对中资银行的启示

受全球金融危机的持续影响和欧元区制度问题的激化,欧洲主权债务危机呈愈演愈烈之势,逐步从边缘国家扩散至核心国家,并从主权债务危机向银行业危机演化。目前,欧元区重债国采取的财务整顿政策难以在短期发挥缩减赤字的作用,反而加大复苏风险;对重债国援助资金总量有限,其发放门槛徒增短期违约风险;欧洲央行购买国债虽有利于缓解危机恶化,但量化宽松的政策与其控制通胀的设立宗旨存在矛盾。在此背景下,中资银行应调整涉欧资产配置,进一步加强国别风险研究和管理,积极稳健地推进国际化经营,打造资产、业务和经营地域多元化的国际化银行。     

主权CDS对欧元区主权债务危机的影响

本文概括了主权CDS是否影响欧元区主权债务危机的几种观点和研究,发现了其中的不足之处,并试图进行弥补。文章基于面板数据,在对样本区间和国家进行分组的基础上,用向量误差修正模型(VECM)检验了主权CDS息差与国债息差的价格发现过程,此外还用向量自回归(VAR)模型分析了各国主权CDS息差之间的传染效应。结果发现,虽然主权CDS在价格发现过程中占据领先地位,但是没有证据表明主权CDS与主权债务危机之间存在必然的联系,而各国债务危机之间确实存在传染效应。     

希腊主权债务危机的成因与影响

日益严重的希腊主权债务危机将希腊推向了欧元区主权债务问题的风口浪尖,由此也形成了影响欧元区稳定运行的严峻挑战。该文基于国际金融危机对希腊经济与财政运行状况的影响,分析了引起希腊主权债务危机的成因及解决途径,指出解决希腊主权债务危机除了希腊自身的努力外,依然需要国际社会尤其是欧盟的援助。从全球的角度看,其他经济体的主权债务问题也同样值得警惕和重视。     

欧美债务危机的政治学解析

欧美债务危机此起彼伏,深刻地影响着世界经济的走向与发展。对于债务危机爆发的原因,很多人只关注其经济方面存在的问题,而对于其政治制度根源却置若罔闻。本文阐释了出西方民主政治制度是如何一步步地导致债务危机却又无力挽救债务危机的逻辑理路,并进一步揭示出西方以选举政治为核心的民主政治制度的诸多弊端以及中国民主政治制度的内在优越性。     

Vine copulas and applications to the European Union sovereign debt analysis

European sovereign debt crisis has become a very popular topic since late 2009. In this paper, sovereign debt crisis is investigated by calculating the probabilities of the potential future crisis of 11 countries in the European Union. We use sovereign spreads of the European countries against Germany as targets and apply the GARCH based vine copula simulation technique. The methodology solves the difficulties of calculating the probabilities of rarely happening events and takes sovereign debt movement dependence, especially tail dependence, into consideration. Results indicate that Italy and Spain are the most likely next victims of the sovereign debt crisis, followed by Ireland, France and Belgium. The UK, Sweden and Denmark, which are outside the euro area, are the most financially stable countries in the sample.     

欧洲主权债务危机的发展与应对之策

受近期希腊债务违约风险上升、欧债危机向核心国蔓延、欧洲银行业融资缺口扩大等负面因素冲击，欧洲金融市场遭遇大幅动荡。文章指出，在短期内，防止希腊债务违约是遏制欧债危机进一步蔓延、防范债务危机与银行危机并发的关键；长期而言，欧元及欧盟运作机制的改革将不可避免，完善退出机制将是欧元区长期稳定运作的基石。     

欧债危机的根源、前景与影响

欧债危机自2009年爆发以来,欧盟已采取了一系列措施,但欧债危机仍愈演愈烈。文章从债务问题国家自身经济结构性因素与欧元区制度性因素等方面分析了欧债危机产生的根源,指出欧债危机可能促使欧洲走向更为紧密的财政和政治联盟。针对欧债危机对我国经济的影响,我国应继续坚持经济结构调整政策,制定并积极实施金融业长期改革战略,不断提高金融服务于实体经济的能力。     

Internationalization and the capital structure of firms in emerging markets: Evidence from Latin America before and after the financial crisis

This study examines the impact of internationalization on the capital structure of firms in emerging markets before and after the financial crisis of 2008, with evidence from five countries in Latin America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, and Peru). We find that before the financial crisis, Latin American MNCs are characterized by lower debt levels than purely domestic firms. However, after the financial crisis, we find that the MNCs are characterized by higher debt levels. This finding suggests that after the financial crisis, the Latin American MNCs (like many firms) may be taking advantage of their access to low interest rates in the global capital markets.     

Crisis Transmission: Evidence from the Debt, Tequila, and Asian Flu Crises

This article analyzes how external crises spread across countries.The authors analyze the behavior of four alternative crisisindicators in a sample of 20 countries during three well-knowncrises: the 1982 debt crisis, the 1994 Mexican crisis, and the1997 Asian crisis. The objective is twofold: to revisit thetransmission channels of crises, and to analyze whether capitalcontrols, exchange rate flexibility, and debt maturity structureaffect the extent of contagion. The results indicate that thereis a strong neighborhood effect. Trade links and similarityin precrisis growth also explain (to a lesser extent) whichcountries suffer more contagion. Both debt composition and exchangerate flexibility to some extent limit contagion, whereas capitalcontrols do not appear to curb it.     

基于希腊主权债务危机的危机预警研究——兼对社会保障支出比重的定量分析

为了研究债务危机的成因及其预警机制,本文在对希腊主权债务危机演变进行描述性分析的基础上,建立了债务危机预警的Logistic模型.通过SPSS18.0统计软件分析,我们发现了影响债务危机发生的主要指标,包括:一般政府净贷款占GDP比率、国际收支占GDP比率以及社会保障支出占GDP比率、总储蓄规模占GDP比率以及通货膨胀率.其中,所选取的欧洲国家的社会保障支出占GDP的比重约为25％,对于债务危机的爆发的影响系数高达0.620.结合我国的经济形势与社会保障发展现状,本文了提出相关的政策建议.     

A possible solution to tropical troubles? : Debt-for-nature swaps

Two major problems spurred the development of debt-for-nature swaps —the high rate of destruction of tropical forests and the heavy debts accumulated by these countries. Debt-for-nature agreements are part of a new wave of thinking about the links between the environment and debt. With funds procured through conservation organizations, debt-for-nature swaps and funds have been arranged in several developing countries. This article examines myriad proposals to reduce the debt burden, identifies the link between debt, development and the environment, and clarifies the conceptual framework of the debt-for-nature swaps approach. Debt-for-nature swaps are analysed in terms of sovereignty, socioeconomic impacts and policy implications. It is concluded that the debt-for-nature swaps approach is not intended to provide debt relief on any significant scale nor resolve the debt crisis. Their nominal impact on the debt situation does not imply failure: they improve the management of natural resources. It is a strategy in which a number of goals converge for different groups in developing as well as developed countries.     

Trade Policies and the Highly Indebted Countries

In the early 1980s, faced with a mounting debt crisis, mosthighly indebted developing countries increased trade barriersto save foreign exchange—but in the last three to fouryears, they have reversed course. Almost all of these countrieshave undergone real devaluations, and many have undertaken significantliberalizations, so much so that some (Bolivia, Costa Rica,Jamaica, Mexico, Morocco, and Uruguay) are less protectionistthan before the debt crisis. But industrial countries have imposed new nontariff barriersagainst imports from highly indebted countries. Canada, Australia,the European Community, and the United States have greatly increasedthe use of countervailing duties and antidumping actions. Thismakes it more difficult for highly indebted countries to payoff their debts, and ultimately rebounds on creditor governmentsand banks.     

Policy Selectivity Forgone: Debt and Donor Behavior in Africa

We assess the dynamics behind the high net resource transfersby donors and creditors to Sub-Saharan African countries. Analyzingthe determinants of overall net transfers for a panel of 37recipient countries in 1978–98, we find that country policiesmattered little. Donors—especially bilateral donors—actuallymade greater transfers to countries with high debt, largelyowed to multilateral creditors, when policies were "bad." Weconclude that comprehensive debt relief has the potential, thoughnot the certainty, to restore selectivity in support of goodpolicies. That would make development assistance more effectivegoing forward—and increase public support in donor countries.     

日本政府债务问题分析

日本政府债务占GDP的比例已连续多年居发达国家之首,且这一比例仍在不断增长之中。通过分析日本的债务困境,对我们有几点启示：一是积极的财政政策要适度;二是通缩环境中要有意识的控制政府债务规模;三是经济危机过后要警惕债务危机。     

2011年全球经济与市场回顾和2012年展望

2011年,受欧洲主权债务危机不断蔓延的影响,发达国家经济复苏缓慢并呈现逐步分化趋势,新兴市场国家作为全球经济复苏主引擎的作用仍然突出,但也面临着经济增长趋缓的困扰。2012年,由于欧债危机隐患未除、全球金融系统依然脆弱以及发达国家自身结构性问题远未解决,全球经济方向将面临较大不确定性。未来新兴市场经济体有望继续充当全球经济复苏的主要动力,但增速将趋于放缓。发达经济体将维持宽松的货币政策,并将迫于财政赤字压力采取财政紧缩措施,而新兴经济体预计将实施相对稳健的货币政策与较为宽松的财政政策,以应对通货膨胀和经济增速趋缓的双重压力。     

当前国际政府债务问题的影响与警示

为应对席卷全球的国际金融危机,各国政府纷纷采取经济刺激措施,代替民间企业和金融机构承担危机成本,这不可避免带来一定的政府债务问题。随着时间的推移,部分政府债务问题逐步凸显,成为全球经济走出危机阴影的障碍。文章分析认为,当前国际上政府债务问题呈现脆弱性、复杂性、集中性和长期性特征,成为全球经济复苏的绊脚石,甚至会给世界各国经济带来灾难性影响。文章同时总结了国际政府债务问题带给我国的启示。     

Euro at risk: The impact of member countries' credit risk on the stability of the common currency

In this paper, we propose a new indicator of Euro stability. We make use of this new indicator and empirically investigate the impact of changes in sovereign risk of Eurozone member countries on the stability of the Euro. The stability of the Euro is proxied by decomposing Dollar–Euro exchange rate options into the moments of the risk-neutral distribution. Our stability measure can nicely separate periods of Dollar instability (the subprime crisis period) and Euro instability (the sovereign debt crisis period). In particular, we document that only during the sovereign debt crisis, changes in the creditworthiness of member countries with vulnerable fiscal positions have a significant impact on the stability of the common currency. Interestingly, however, the market perceives Greece not to be ‘systemically relevant’.