MECHANISATION OF SMALL RICE FARMS IN THE PHILIPPINES: SOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION ASPECTS

Considerable controversy exists about the desirability of farm mechanisation in the Philippines. Survey evidence shows that the introduction of tractors has not directly resulted in yield and cropping intensity increases yet the employment displacement potential is great. Income shares are presented for different classifications of mechanised and irrigated farms and the effects of new technology on the welfare of landless labour households are discussed.     

A COMPARISON OF INCOME AVERAGING PROCEDURES FOR INCOME TAX PURPOSES

A comparison is made of a number of income averaging procedures on the basis of selected performance criteria. The main conclusion which emerges is that the Australian income averaging procedure, currently applied to primary producers, has a number of defects. Several of the alternative income averaging procedures reviewed are judged to be superior to the current Australian system.     

THE TIMING OF DEFICIENCY PAYMENTS FOR STABILIZATION

Three aspects of stabilization are considered in this paper which illustrate the importance of the timing and level of intervention in an agricultural industry using deficiency payments. First, it is shown that under certain conditions a deficiency payments scheme may be destabilizing. Second, the effects of a strong cyclical trend in the series on which a quarantee is based are examined. Third, some of the effects of changes in the timing of payments on the cost of funding a stabilization scheme are considered. The paper shows how simple analytical models may be used to study the dynamics of stabilization and illustrates the need to consider the dynamic relationships in a market system when formulating a stabilization scheme.
Trois aspects de la stabilisation font l'objet de l'étude présentée ici, qui illustre l'importance du moment et du niveau auquel sont affectués les paiments de compensation dans un secteur agricole qui en bénéficie. Premièrement, il sera démontré que dans certains cas un plan de paiement peut produire un déséquilibre. On examinera ensuite l'effet d'une forte tendance cyclique dans la série sur laquelle est basée la garantie. Troisièmement l'attention sera portée sur certaines conséquences provoquées par des changements dans la cédule des paiements sur le coüt de financement d'un plan de stabilisation. Ce présent travail démontre quelles utilisations un simple modèle analytique peut avoir à l'etude de la dynamique de stabilisation et illustre le besoin de prendre en considération les relations dynamiques d'un système de marché dans la formulation d'un plan de stabilisation.     

SOME HUMAN ASPECTS OF GIVING AND TAKING FARM MANAGEMENT ADVICE

Superimposed on, or underlying, the technical aspects of giving farm management advice are a variety of human considerations. The techniques used and the advice given cannot be divorced from the individuals involved and the way in which advice is communicated. Management advice will be sought for a variety of reasons and from a variety of sources. It will have its own special problems, stemming from the nature of the subject itself, and will generate its own longer term benefits. Differing advisory styles exist but it is possible to suggest some general guidelines and conclusions.     

SOME FEATURES OF FARM INCOME AND STRUCTURE VARIATIONS IN REGIONS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM

Farm income trends and developments in farm structure have varied within the UK in the last decade. While Wales and Northern Ireland have similarities in form structure, agricultural production has risen to a much smaller extent, and farmers have suffered more severe net income reductions, in Scotland and Northern Ireland than in England and Wales. The net incomes of Cropping farms rose faster and, in England, have remained much higher than those of Dairy or Livestock farms. Large numbers of small farm businesses depend on beef cattle and sheep production and have limited development prospects. As most of their occupiers are unlikely to find other employment, structural problems will persist and policy adjustments are suggested to enable agriculture to contribute more to the economy in remote and depressed localities.     

INCOME ELASTICITIES OF DEMANDS FOR FOODS IN GREAT BRITAIN

This paper describes analysis of data from the National Food Survey to determine the influences of household income and composition on household demand for foods in 1974, 1979, 1980 and 1982. The paper focuses on fats, cheese and carcase meats. The analysis uses household level data, regarding zero expenditures as arising because of infrequent purchasing and the expenditure-income relationship used in the Almost Ideal Demand Model. This is in contrast with the analysis reported by the National Food Survey Committee which uses a constant elasticity model and averaged income and expenditure data.     

ORGANIZATIONAL ASPECTS OF THE CONCEPT OF A GREEN CADASTRE FOR RURAL AREAS

The decrease in the area of agricultural land resulting from global population growth requires active monitoring and protective measures to prevent the loss of this valuable resource. In Poland, there is currently no single geographic information system comprehensively supporting agricultural policy. However, there are many dispersed systems containing various data on agricultural production. The aim of this study was to propose a concept for the development of a uniform Green Cadastre for Poland based on international guidelines and standards and national possibilities. The analyses revealed that the reference Land Administration System (LAS) integrated with databases of agricultural businesses can contribute to monitoring of agricultural land and support agricultural policy. The results were used to formulate conclusions about the three key determinants of the proposed Green Cadastre: key drivers, key content and key functionality. The discussed concept is fully consistent with Sustainable Development Goals, and it constitutes a comprehensive information system for the public administration and other parties.     

SOME ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF PEST CONTROL IN AGRICULTURE1

This article deals with agricultural losses attributable to insects, diseases and weeds with estimates of percentage rates of losses in crops presented for both Canada and the United States. Analysis of the economic effect of potential elimination of losses in Canadian wheat and fresh apples are discussed. In general, the effect of elimination of losses by means of improved techniques depends upon the elasticity of demand of the individual commodity studied. The particular market position of Canadian wheat created an exception for this product. Emphasizing the need for further scientific investigation, subjects and methods for forthcoming research are outlined.     

SOME ASPECTS OF FOOD CONSUMPTION AND ITS LONG-TERM PERSPECTIVE IN PAKISTAN, 1961-86

This paper attempts to answer three important questions regarding the consumption of food in Pakistan: (2) What are the recent trends of consumption in the rural and urban areas? (2) What is the likely direction and magnitude of food demand during the period 1961-86? (3) Is the growth of production of food commodities going to be sufficient to meet the requirements by 1970 and thereafter?