Government intervention in Malaysian manufacturing industries: a suggested methodology of measurement

The whole issue of the appropriate balance in dividing economic activities between the state and the market has, in recent years, received considerable attention. The proponents of ‘goverment intervention’ argue that government have to take a leading role in accelerating the structural change with is perceived as necessary towards achieving an efficient allocation of resources leading to a higher economic growth. Consequently, government have to rely on various policy measures which aim at reducing, if not completely erasing,the malfunctioning of the market. Here it is not the number of policies or regulations that matters. What is more important is the potential of each policy towards eliminating market imperfections. In this context, the crucial issue is the need for a direct measure to gauge the impact of each policy on selected problems which tend to contribute to the malfunctioning of the market. The objective of this paper is to suggest a method to measure the effect of government policies on reducing market concentration which is perceived as one of the sources of market failure. The applicability of the suggested methodology has been examined with a data set from the Malaysian Manufacturing Industries.     

数字普惠金融、政府干预与县域经济增长*——基于门限面板回归的实证分析#br#

数字普惠金融提高了县域经济体的信贷可得性,有助于县域经济增长,而其发展过程离不开政府的支持和引导。本文运用2014-2018年县级面板数据,通过门限面板回归模型研究政府干预在数字普惠金融影响县域经济增长时的调节作用。研究发现：(1)数字普惠金融对县域经济增长有显著的促进作用,且政府干预起到调节作用。同时,子指标回归显示,数字普惠金融覆盖广度与县域经济增长负相关;数字化程度和使用深度对县域经济增长有促进作用,政府干预的作用与主回归一致。(2)数字普惠金融通过完善传统金融市场结构促进县域经济增长。(3)分地区看,东部地区数字普惠金融与县域经济增长负相关;中部地区和西部地区数字普惠金融对县域经济增长均有促进作用。其中,中部地区政府的调节作用是单向的,西部地区则为倒U型,本文分析了地区差异的内在原因并提出政策建议。     

保险监管的经济学动因——保险市场失灵及其表现

政府对保险业实施监督管理有其经济学动因。后危机时代,保险监管呈现出了全球性的特征。从国际宏观角度进行保险监管的微观经济基础的探讨,必将有利于我国保险监管事业的迅速稳固发展。公共利益监管理论认为,政府监管的存在是为了修正低效率或不公正的市场行为。本文根据经济学的框架,探讨了政府与市场的关系,分析了目前我国保险市场上存在的四种市场失灵的表现,即市场支配力、外部性、公共物品和信息不对称问题,从而阐释了保险监管存在的经济学动因,认为合理的政府干预对于维护市场机制正常运行、及时纠正市场缺陷、防范各类风险是十分必要的。     

Influence of policy,operational and market conditions on seaport efficiency in newly emerging economies: the case of Vietnam

ABSTRACT

Located in Southeast Asia as one of the most dynamic economic regions in the world and close to north-south shipping routes, Vietnam’s seaports play a vital role in promoting its international trade and economic growth. And yet, most ports are small and owned by the public sector. Their performance is subject to various factors relating to government policy, operational and market conditions. Although the Government has been trying to improve the sector’s performance through corporatization, its corporatization model is unique in many ways compared with reform models in other countries. This study seeks to analyse the effects of government policy, operational and market conditions among other factors, on Vietnamese seaports’ efficiency. Double-bootstrap data envelopment analysis (DEA) and univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted using the data sample of 41 ports for years 2015 and 2016. The analysis results show that the factors of production, regional location and reform policy had a significant impact on port performance.     

Financial development and economic growth in Australia: An empirical analysis

The paper empirically examines the dynamic relationship between financial development and economic growth in Australia in terms of bank-based and market-based financial structure. A time-series approach using the VAR Model is used to provide evidence for the dynamic relationship. The paper provides empirical evidence on the causal impact of the financial market on the economic growth of the Australian economy. The results suggest that financial intermediaries and financial markets have different impacts on economic growth given their diverse roles in the domestic economy. In particular there is evidence of causality from economic growth to the development of the financial intermediaries. On the other hand, development in the financial markets causes economic growth but there is no evidence of any causality from economic growth to financial markets. The sensitivity test using different interest rates does not change the results.I Jel classification: O16, G18, G28I We would like to thank Tilak Abeysinghe and Rajagurn Gunasekaran for their helpful comments on the first draft. Also, we would like to thank the Editor, Prof. Baldev Raj, and two anonymous referees for their helpful comments.First version received: October 2001/Final version received: October 2002     

Market Orientation and Regional Economic Disparities in China

The change in China's regional output disparities can be attributed to the variation in market orientation in individual regions, and the change in China's livelihood disparities can be attributed to the weakening of government intervention in the form of regional income redistribution in the reform process. The study suggests that China should accelerate economic growth of backward interior regions by deepening market-oriented reforms on the one hand, and help residents in these regions by strengthening fiscal transfer from richer to poorer regions on the other.     

经济危机性质的转变与规范地方政府行为

经济危机或经济的周期波动是市场经济的主要特征之一。与以往相比,20世纪80年代以后的经济危机在策源地、表现形式等方面有了一些显著的变化。产生这些变化的根源在于经济危机的性质发生了转变。80年代以前的经济危机,是一种市场机制的危机,是市场失灵的表现;而80年代以后,始发于发展中国家的经济危机,则是一种政府干预的危机,是政府失灵的表现。我国的社会主义市场经济同样是政府主导型的发展模式,要想保持经济的持续健康发展,就必须规范政府行为,在完善中央政府宏观调控的基础上,减少地方政府对经济的干预。     

中国人力资源市场中的政府在位

21世纪,人类已经进入一个以知识为主宰的全新经济时代,人力资源逐步成为经济发展的核心要素。由于市场在资源配置中存在诸多缺陷,于是政府对人力资源市场的有效管理就显得必要。政府在人力资源市场中既是人力资源的需求主体,同时又是人力资源市场的管理者,这种同时兼具裁判员和运动员两种身份的政府行为必然会导致角色上的冲突。对此必须调整政府的职能,把政府的职能转变到宏观调控方面来,为人力资源市场发展提供宏观保障。     

试论政府干预区域经济差距的缘由

改革开放以来,我国区域经济差距呈现不断扩大的趋势.面对区域差距,新古典主义学派与循环累积增长学派之间存在自由放任与政府干预之争.文章认为尽管市场存在某种自发的区域均衡机制,但这只是一个长期趋势;而且,报酬递增、迁移成本、制度性障碍等因素都对这种均衡机制产生抑制作用.因此市场并不能在短期内自动缓解区域差距,有必要引入适度的政府干预,纠正在区域协调发展问题上的“市场失灵”.     

新常态下我国宏观经济政策框架的重构*

我国宏观经济政策“微刺激”效果下降,而“强刺激”带来了严重后遗症,导致这种状况的关键原因是政策框架在整体上出了问题。重构我国宏观政策框架的战略定位应该包括以下内容：（1）短期应对不断加剧的宏观经济和金融风险;（2）中期应对结构调整的负面冲击;（3）长期构建高效的、可持续的和动态一致的宏观调控模式。重构政策框架的原则性要求包括：（1）宏观经济及金融的稳定性与国际收支平衡应该成为显性目标;（2）财政政策主要指向结构调整期的短期阵痛,货币政策指向宏观经济及金融稳定性;（3）宏观政策应该遵循市场化、可预期的操作模式。在具体策略上可以选择国债市场作为突破口,通过改变国债发行规模和方式,推动国债市场的大发展和大开放,以此拓展整个金融市场的深度和开放程度。     

市场经济中政府失灵的表现、成因及对策

政府干预经济存在内在的缺陷和失灵。避免和克服政府失灵,探求政府失灵的原因并采取相应对策,对我国社会主义市场经济体制的建立和完善,具有重大的理论和实践意义。     

市场需求、创新政策组合与企业创新绩效——企业生命周期视角

以北京A股上市公司为研究对象,基于创新驱动理论,运用多元回归分析方法,探索市场需求与政府干预对处于不同生命周期企业创新绩效的影响。结果表明：①研发补助和税收优惠政策组合协同互补效应显著,但组合效果会因企业所处生命周期不同而呈现显著差别。具体来说,对成长期企业二者组合竞争效应显著,组合效果为负协同。对成熟期企业,二者组合互补效应显著,组合效果为正协同。对衰退期企业,二者组合效果无显著影响,组合效果为无协同;②总体来说,市场需求显著促进企业创新绩效提升,但对于成长期和成熟期企业的正向促进效应显著,对于衰退期企业抑制作用显著;③市场需求在创新政策组合与企业创新绩效之间起负向调节作用,且对处于不同生命周期的企业结论一致。对成长期企业,政府干预优于市场调节,对成熟期企业,市场调节优于政府干预,对衰退期企业,政策引导效果更优。最终,提出促进创新高质量发展的对策建议。     

现代西方经济学界关于产业政策的有效性的讨论

尽管经济自由主义者推崇自由市场的作用,反对政府运用产业政策干预经济的种种观点,但是近年内一些西方学者就纠正市场失灵,增强一国的国际竞争力,促进创新能力的提高等角度,阐述了产业政策在现代经济中所具有的有效性,产业政策也由此在现代全球经济发展中得到广泛的应用.结合各国运用产业政策的实践,笔者认为,综合运用各种旨在促进一国能力建设,提高该国的创新能力与国际竞争力的产业政策将对于各国的经济发展起到非常重要的作用.     

垄断和自然垄断的自行终结与演变之质疑——与王廷惠教授商榷

市场是供求双方决定价格并交换商品的机制,是经济主体活动的场所。市场中存在着不同形式的垄断,对市场秩序产生不同的影响。而当垄断导致市场失灵时,是完全依赖竞争消除垄断,还是在一定时期内实施相应的政府规制以矫正市场失灵,这是经济学中一个争论不休的重要理论问题,也是政府在行使其职能的实践中经常遇到的难题。文章针对市场过程理论关于垄断和自然垄断终结与演变的一些观点提出质疑,从而探讨政府在面临市场失灵时应该如何作为才能有利于提高经济效率、减少经济不公平,以及保障经济稳定发展。     

新结构经济学为经济发展开出正确药方了吗？——一个主体分析和过程视角的考察

经济持续发展历来是各个国家追求的主要目标之一,其中围绕政府干预以及如何消除这一外生变量成为经济增长和发展理论的焦点。认为不应再执著于政府是否应当发挥作用,而应沿着另一个方向,即政府在经济发展过程发挥何种作用,以及如何发挥作用进行探索。新结构经济学即是在此思路下,从比较优势和产业结构变迁的微观角度提供了一种经济动态发展的分析框架,并为政府干预制订了增长甄别和因势利导的可操作性步骤。但从主体分析和过程视角出发,新结构经济学仍然面临将政府变量内生化的困境。     

对当前中国资本市场的若干思考

中国资本市场正进入一个新的历史发展阶段,保持政策的连续性和稳定性,是当前中国资本市场发展的重要条件;人民币升值趋势、流动性过剩和国民经济的持续成长使中国资本市场发展面临历史性机遇;资本市场发展将对中国商业银行的改革和发展带来全面而深刻的影响;中国要想实现从经济大国到经济强国的转变,资本市场的发展不可缺少。     

Economic Impact of Internet in China

This paper examines the current status of Internet development in China; analyzes its contributions to Chinese economy from the perspective of economic structural changes, IT industry development, E-commerce, productivity growth, foreign investment, and labor market, etc.; suggests its direction in terms of government policy orientations; and proposes strategies toward greater success of Internet in China. To promote economic growth, it is important for Chinese government to establish sturdy e-environments to enable its industries to compete in the global economy and to bring about a greater cohesion within its societies.     

现代生态经济发展中的政府行为

在社会主义市场经济条件下,现代生态经济发展普遍存在明显的外部性。因此需要实施更多更积极的政府行为,诸如采取直接行动、提供经济激励政策和实施框架限制等,以保障现代生态经济的健康发展。     

From Receding to Reseeding: Industrial Policy,Governance Strategies and Neoliberal Resilience in Post-crisis Britain

ABSTRACT

Industrial policy has been on the agenda of British policy elites since the 2008 financial crisis, particularly since Theresa May became Prime Minister in 2016. This has been seen as a challenge to pre-crisis norms of economic governance associated with neoliberalism. This article explores key aspects of industrial policy development in post-crisis Britain – new forms of vertical support for industry, local government reform, and the public financing of private sector R&D – in order to sketch a new understanding of political and ideological change. It focuses on the institutional mechanisms through which industrial strategy will ostensibly be implemented, including subnational and private spheres of governance. The article argues that recent industrial policy developments do not represent the receding of neoliberalism, but rather have provided opportunities for the reseeding of neoliberal norms in British economic statecraft. The strategy has reinforced forms of state machinery through which pre-crisis elite practice can be maintained and legitimated. By demonstrating that the apparent revival of state intervention in the wake of capitalist crises must not be assumed automatically to challenge pre-crisis economic orders, and highlighting the crucial role of exigent political circumstances, the article makes an important contribution to the literature on neoliberal resilience.     

我国财政宏观调控政策及其转型取向--兼论以农村教育为重点的财政调控

经济周期波动及其政府宏观调节是与市场经济共生的现象.经典理论形成了低谷和顶峰两极时期的财政对策,但忽视转型期的调控政策.我国新一轮增长拐点时期,将过去实施的积极财政政策转型为稳健的财政政策,财政调控的目标、手段、方式都需要发生改变.稳健的财政政策目标应该由单纯追求增长率转变为扩大就业,由类行政的直接调控转变为利用市场对企业施行间接调控,当前财政重点发展农村教育有助于实现经济由短期波动到长期增长的平稳过渡,并由此延长经济增长期.