SMEs,Growth, and Poverty: Cross-Country Evidence

This paper explores the relationship between the relative size of the Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) sector, economic growth, and poverty alleviation using a new database on the share of SME labor in the total manufacturing labor force. Using a sample of 45 countries, we find a strong, positive association between the importance of SMEs and GDP per capita growth. The data do not, however, confidently support the conclusions that SMEs exert a causal impact on growth. Furthermore, we find no evidence that SMEs alleviate poverty or decrease income inequality.     

中国财政再分配与减贫效应的数量测度

中国正致力于践行共享发展新理念,测算现行财政再分配体系是否以及在多大程度上缓解收入分配差距、减轻贫困,从而实施更为"精准"的财政再分配,是关键一环。本文拓展了传统财政再分配分析方法,将财政收入端和支出端纳入统一研究框架,基于CFPS2012入户调查数据和投入产出表,构建居民收入核算账户,运用标准财政归宿法,测算出中国居民的财政净受益;采用"匿名"与"非匿名"评价指标,综合测度了"一揽子"财政工具的再分配和减贫效应。结果显示:中国财政分配体系对市场分配整体上呈微弱的正向调节效应,财政体系整体使全国基尼系数下降了4.06%,其中,基本社会保险、公共服务、转移支付和直接税的边际贡献分别是2.48%、2.34%、1.75%、1.19%,而间接税的边际贡献为-1.57%,起逆向调节作用;中国财政再分配工具具有显著减贫效应,财政再分配使全国贫困广度、深度和强度均下降20%以上,其中,支出端具有"济贫"性,收入端的间接税具有显著"劫贫"性。总体上,弱累进财政再分配体系甚至逆向调节的财政再分配工具,与共享发展存在矛盾。实现共享发展,迫切需要重构"精准"财政再分配体系,加快构建以税负归宿公平和公共支出受益归宿公平为核心的现代财政制度。     

浅析贫困、经济增长与脱贫时间——基于中国城镇居民调查数据的分析

20世纪90年代以来，经济增长和收入分配不平等对于城镇人口脱贫时间产生了消极影响。研究发现，城镇贫困在1997年达到高峰，然后逐渐缓和；贫困人口的收入增长在初期能使脱贫时间迅速减少，但边际效果是递减的；贫困人口之间的收入分配不平等延长了脱贫时间，如果贫困人口的初始收入增加，则会明显缩短脱贫时间。     

Policy for Poverty Alleviation and Income Redistribution with Quasi-Public Goods

This paper proposes a theoretical framework for a poverty‐alleviation program with quasi‐public goods and presents four main effects. First, this policy succeeds in self‐selection, which identifies low‐productive persons under imperfect information and allows them to receive at least the minimum income. Second, we can observe income redistribution by this scheme without any taxes. Third, the program contributes cost‐effectiveness in many cases. Finally, it makes clear that this policy is suitable, especially in areas where low‐income people are concentrated.     

Growth,Migration and Poverty: Some Corrections and Critical Comments

Journal of Quantitative Economics -     

Management Ability, Long-run Growth, and Poverty Traps

This study establishes an R&D-based growth model that includes the functional difference between labor and human capital in the production of goods. In our analysis, human capital is used by the managers in the manufacturing process. Such an allocation of human capital yields three possible steady states: endogenous growth, poverty traps, and multiple equilibria. Economies are sorted into these steady states according to the endowments of labor, human capital, and knowledge. Thus, the obtained steady states explain some economic growth patterns, such as polarization and leapfrogging of economies.     

经济增长、收入差距与农村贫困

我国经济转型过程中同时发生的居民收入增长和收入差距扩大对农村贫困减缓具有不同的影响。本文在住户调查数据的基础上,讨论了不同时期经济增长和收入差距对于农村贫困减缓的作用大小,估算了不同年份经济增长和收入差距的贫困减缓弹性,并根据Shapley分解讨论了分项收入对贫困程度的影响以及分项收入不均等性的贫困减缓弹性。     

加工贸易增长模式与“贫困化增长”

外汇占款大量投放导致的货币投放结构调整,使沿海地区、出口行业获得了充裕的人民币资金,而内地、非出口行业则面临人民币的短缺,这种资金分配的不平衡加大了东西部贫富差距,不利于"建设和谐社会"目标的实现,使我国经济对外资的依赖越来越大。加工贸易增长模式还有可能使我国进入"贫困化增长"。     

中国的经济增长、贫困减少与政策选择

本文详细讨论了贫困分析常用的几个概念和衡量指标 ,并建立了它们之间的关系 ,从而建立起分析模型。进一步 ,本文提出了分解增长效应的方法和贫困减少指数 ,然后 ,本文将提出的模型、方法和指数应用于调查结果及其他官方资料 ,以分析 1 985年至 2 0 0 1年间增长与贫困减少的关系。实证结果与 1 985年以来中国贫困减少的经历相符。贫困减少指数表明 ,增长政策的选择应该使收入效应与不均等效应之和最大化 ,这为不同的发展阶段与不同的地区提供了政策选择。     

Economic Deregulation and Trade Liberalization in Kenya,Tanzania and Uganda: Growth and Poverty

With economic growth as a principal target, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda have implemented deregulation and trade liberalization policies. By tracing the trends in major economic aggregates, the progress of these economies is reviewed. While acknowledging the conceptual arguments supporting the measures adopted, constraints in both the international economy and domestically have resulted in disappointing outcomes. International trade rules and practices, particularly in the agricultural sector, have worked against all three countries. Moreover, their domestic economies lack crucial resources. The results suggest that it may be a long time before the deregulation policies lead to a reduction in poverty.     

On the Effects of Redistribution on Growth and Entrepreneurial Risk-taking

This paper investigates the effects of redistributive taxation on occupational choice and growth. We discuss a two-sector economy in the spirit of Romer (1990). Agents engage in one of two alternative occupations: either self-employment in an intermediate goods sector characterized by monopolistic competition, or employment as an ordinary worker in this sector. Entrepreneurial profits are stochastic. The occupational choice under risk endogenizes the number of firms in the intermediate goods industry. While the presence of entrepreneurial risk results in a suboptimally low number of firms and depresses growth, nonlinear tax schemes can sometimes compensate negative effects by ex post providing social insurance.     

Public Policy for Growth and Poverty Reduction

In this paper, I would like to outline an approach to publicpolicy that focused on fighting poverty and is based on an understandingof growth and development. Such a public policy requires answeringtwo key questions. First, what are key determinants of a developmentthat benefits poor people – or what has been labelled"pro-poor growth"? And second, we need to answer the policyquestion: how can public action influence the key determinantswe identify? In putting the questions this way, we are settingourselves the task of building a dynamic public economics –a public economics of development. Given that development isthe objective, this task will require a better understandingof how to measure it. And we must also achieve a better graspof changes of behaviour in the process of development, sincechanging perspectives and behaviour are usually an integralpart of the development story. In laying our task of advancinga dynamic public economics, however, let me emphasise that shouldbe building – on – not overturning – pasttheory. In much of the work I will describe, the empirics seemto be ahead of theory. Thus one of my purposes is to highlightsome elements of an agenda for theoretical research. (JEL E6)     

论经济高速增长中的相对贫困

改革开放以来，我国的经济取得了飞速的、令世界瞩目的成就，但相对贫困现象没有随经济的高速发展而减轻，反而越来越严重。从相对贫困的现状、经济高速发展中相对贫困的成因以及解决相对贫困的措施等方面对这一问题进行探讨，具有重要的现实意义。     

中国经济的增长和贫困的减少--1990-1999年的趋势研究

本文考察了中国1990年以来的贫困和分配不均问题,并对贫困的减少进行了分析以显示经济增长的最大受益者,我们发现：（1）1990年代以来各种贫困线下的贫困人口都大量减少;（2）经济增长显著促进了贫困率的下降,而同时不断增长的分配不均又使贫困率上升;（3）穷人在经济增长中的获益少于富人;（4）我们检验了人力资本、经济增长和贫困的关系,发现在人力资本储备上存在着严重的地区不均衡,教育的分布正变得越来越不对称。     

Patterns of Trade and Growth Under Increasing Returns: Escape from the Poverty Trap—a Comment

The paper generalizes a two-sector model of trade and growth in which the investment good sector exhibits an initial phase of increasing returns. It dispenses with the restriction that the utility function be of the isoelastic type. Allowing for general concave utility functions, it demonstrates that the qualitative properties of optimal growth and trade patterns are robust with respect to a wide choice of functional forms.
JEL Classification Numbers: O41, F12.     

家庭贫困与增长:基于代际传递的视角

家庭贫困具有代际传递特征,影响贫困代际传递的家庭因素包括父母素质与父母受教育程度、性别与营养投资、基因遗传与疾病等,家庭外部因素包括文化背景、机会平等与政策制度等.为阻隔贫困代际传递,必须消除妇女儿童贫困.促进性别平等,实施积极的教育反贫战略,提升贫困群体的社会资本.