我国开征环境税:源起、机理与模式

经济增长与环境质量存在依存关系,即经济增长初期会造成环境质量恶化,但到达一个转折点后,经济增长又会引致环境污染状况的改善.由于环境污染具有"负的外部性"特征,因此,治理环境污染需要政府规制,而开征环境税是一种最具效率和公平的规制手段.目前我国经济仍处于增长时期,整个国家税制体系尚不完善,比较适合采取融入性的环境税模式.而在社会经济利益关系已经理顺,整体税制体系比较完善,税收管理水平较高的条件下可以选择独立性环境税模式.     

“双重红利”视阈下中国环境税体系构建研究——基于国际比较分析

本文在比较研究西方国家环境税改革模式、税制构成、征管模式、配套制度的基础上,分析了其环境税制度存在的问题,由此得出对中国的借鉴意义,并提出中国环境税改革的具体政策建议。文章认为,中国环境税改革应当做好顶层设计,以环境保护为首要目标,按照"财政中性"的原则,科学设计制度,合理设定税制要素,为获取"双重红利"效应创造条件,同时要注意防范"政府俘获"和"政治绑架"问题,建立科学合理的环境税税式支出制度,推进相关的配套改革,在长期内建立覆盖能源税、污染税、车船税、资源税的环境税制度体系,确保达成环境政策目标。     

环境税开征需先行三步

目前,环境税的开征越来越被学界和决策层所重视。然而,要构建我国的环境税收体系,制定环境税法,首先要明确我国环境税的功能定位,确立环境税的目标模式,结合国情并借鉴国际环境税制产生和发展     

绿化税制结构:完善能源资源环境税体系

通过建立环境税体系促进经济发展方式的转变是克服能源资源瓶颈与改善生态环境质量的必然选择。文章主要运用规范分析方法,从煤炭、石油、天然气三种能源资源的生产与使用环节着手,考察现行税制在环境保育作用方面存在的缺陷,然后分析能源资源环境税的作用机理,最后提出完善现行税制结构、先行开征能源资源环境税、逐渐提高环境税收占比、绿化中国税制结构的思路。     

关于构建我国环境税制的思考

随着经济增长和社会发展,我国的环境恶化问题日益突出。为实现新世纪的可持续发展目标,我国应考虑建立环境税制体系,深化税制改革,调整、完善相关税种,建立完整的环境税制度。     

我国环境税收制度改革的国际经验借鉴及政策选择

西方发达国家环境税收经验表明,健全的环境税制、完善的税率调节以及环境税与其他环境激励措施协同发展,是促使环境税收发挥功能的重要路径。我国环境税收的主要影响因素是经济因素和技术因素,由此应在当前税费并存模式下构建重点型环境税制,并逐步向完整型环境税制过渡;设置环境税改革的补充性政策,逐步推行环境税与其他激励措施协同发展,丰富我国税收制度的生态多样性,以解决经济社会发展进程中资源环境瓶颈。     

国外开征环境税实践对中国的借鉴

开征环境保护税对实现科学发展,转变经济发展方式具有重要推动作用。通过学习美国等国家征收环境税的实践经验,了解这些国家环境税征收范围和形式、税率差别和税收减免、税制设计中的公众参与过程,可以对中国开征环境税起到借鉴作用。中国拟开征税制应该合理设计税基和税率,通过税收约束与税收激励,让环境税与其他经济手段统一协调,实现征收环境税的目的。     

循环经济视野下的绿色税制建设

绿色税制亦称税制体系的绿化,是对原有税收制度的一种变迁,凸现税制的环境资源保护功能。在我国现行的税制框架内,虽然有很多与环境资源有关、有利于促进循环经济发展的税种及措施,但缺乏总体性、前瞻性的与循环经济发展相适应的税制设计。本文借鉴西方发达国家的成功经验,立足于我国实际,构建和完善我国绿色税制的具体措施包括:依托费改税,开征独立型环境税;改革现行税制,对相关税种进行绿化以及完善相关税收优惠措施,并加强彼此之间的协调和配合。     

“双重红利”目标下我国环境保护税改革的路径

我国现行环境税对环境改善存在较大的实现空间,建立成熟的环境税税制不可能一蹴而就,应分阶段实施、分步骤推进。近期应以"绿色红利"作为政策导向,尽快开征环境保护税;中期应使环境保护税税制改革在实现"绿色红利"的同时,对环境保护税税制进行结构性调整;长期看,环境保护税改革最终应实现"绿色红利"与"就业红利"的双重目标。     

完善我国环境税收制度的思考

随着对环境的日益重视,环境税问题已成为世界各国都关心的问题。在全国"两会"上,环境税问题成为讨论热点,是"十二五"期间要着力构建和完善的法律制度。目前我国税法中没有以环境保护为目的的专门性税收制度,缺乏规范性和完整性,各税种对环境的保护作用十分有限。在关于我国环境税的税制模式上,学界的看法不一。因此有必要完善现有环境税收政策,改革现行税制,对相关税种进行"绿化",完善相关税收优惠措施,并开征专门性环境税种。     

A research of green taxation policy for promoting energy saving and emission reduction

It＇s been proved by theory and practice that taxation policy is one of the important means of realizing energy saving and emission reduction. The green taxation system in the Western countries has got better effects in energy saving and environmental protection. In the recent years, China has in succession released some taxation policies promoting energy saving and emission reduction, but still has a huge gap to meet the real needs of energy saving and emission reduction. By analyzing China＇s status quo of the polices of energy saving and emission reduction and drawing upon experiences of the developed countries about green taxation, this paper presents how to perfect ideas of China＇s energy saving and emission reduction taxation policies： adjusting taxes relevant to green taxation in the current taxation system, such as resource tax, consumer tax, and so on; collecting new environmental tax; perfecting the preferential taxation policies for the energy saving and environmental protection industries.     

流转税制与所得税制的比较研究--中国税收CGE模型的应用

本文建立了一个静态税收可计算一般均衡（CGE）模型,模拟中国的经济运行情况。在此基础上,从流转税制和所得税制两种不同类型的税制模型入手,分析了包括增值税、消费税和营业税在内的中国绝大部分工商税种,并模拟几种征税方案进行比较研究,得到“我国应尽快改现行流转税制更有利于经济发展”重要结论。同时,本文也实现了CGE模型定量分析在中国财税政策的应用。     

国际税收竞争理论与实践对我国的启示

在我国日益融入全球经济的背景下，国际税收竞争理论与实践对我国税制建设具有一定的借鉴意义。应辩证认识国际税收竞争，立足国情，积极参与适度国际税收竞争，促进国家之间的税收协调，尽量避免恶性税收竞争；进一步完善税收立法、执法和司法体制，重新审视税收主权与协调。     

Taxation,corruption, and growth

We build an endogenous growth model to analyze the relationships between taxation, corruption, and economic growth. Entrepreneurs lie at the center of the model and face disincentive effects from taxation but acquire positive benefits from public infrastructure. Political corruption governs the efficiency with which tax revenues are translated into infrastructure. The model predicts an inverted-U relationship between taxation and growth, with corruption reducing the optimal taxation level. We find evidence consistent with these predictions and the entrepreneurial channel using data from the Longitudinal Business Database of the US Census Bureau. The marginal effect of taxation for growth for a state at the 10th or 25th percentile of corruption is significantly positive; on the other hand, the marginal effects of taxation for growth for a state at the 90th percentile of corruption are much lower across the board. We make progress towards causality through Granger-style tests and by considering periphery counties where effective tax policy is largely driven by bordering states. Finally, we calibrate our model and find that the calibrated taxation rate of 37% is fairly close to the model׳s estimated welfare maximizing taxation rate of 42%. Reducing corruption provides the largest potential impact for welfare gain through its impact on the uses of tax revenues.     

Health effects and optimal environmental taxes

The literature on environmental taxation in the presence of pre-existing distortionary taxes has shown that interactions with these distortions tend to raise the cost of an environmental tax, and thus that the optimal environmental tax is less than marginal environmental damages. A recent paper by Schwartz and Repetto (2000) challenges this finding, arguing that the health benefits from reduced pollution will also interact with pre-existing taxes, and may cause the optimal environmental tax to exceed marginal damages.Schwartz and Repetto’s analysis represented health effects implicitly in the utility function. In contrast, the present paper explicitly represents health effects in an analytically tractable general equilibrium model. This model shows that interactions with health effects from pollution actually will tend to reduce the optimal environmental tax, contradicting, Schwartz and Repetto’s conclusion. This demonstrates the usefulness of explicitly modeling health effects, and it reinforces the general notion that tax-interactions tend to raise the costs of an environmental tax.     

Environmental taxes with heterogeneous consumers: an application to energy consumption in France

This paper constructs a model with four groups of households who have preferences over labor supply, consumption of polluting (energy related) and non-polluting (non-energy) goods, and emissions. It quantifies the model for the French economy and computes its optimal tax equilibria under nine second-best tax regimes. We find that the redistributive role of environmental taxes requires the polluting goods to be taxed at a rate much below their marginal social damage. These goods may even require an outright subsidy if the society values equality ‘a lot’. Secondly, if environmental taxes that have an exclusively externality-correcting role, they benefit all types—although the gains are rather modest. The gains and losses become more substantial when environmental taxes have a redistributive role as well. Third, setting the environmental tax at its Pigouvian level, rather than its optimal externality-correcting-cum-redistributive level, benefits the high-income group at the expense of the low-income groups. Fourth, nonlinear taxation of polluting goods, and nonlinear commodity taxation in general, is a powerful redistributive mechanism. Fifth, introducing environmental taxes in the current French tax system, with its suboptimal income taxes, results in substantial welfare gains for the highest income group and a sizable loss for the least well-off persons.     

The buffet syndrome, midday menu and terry towels

In a recent article, Bazin et al. (Bazin, D., Ballet, J., Touahri, D., 2004. Environmental responsibility versus taxation. Ecological Economics 49 (2), 129–134.) argue that taxation produces a crowding out effect on responsible behaviours. This crowding out effect is linked to the buffet syndrome, e.g. wherein an environmental tax is like a food buffet in that when you pay you could consume as much as you want. This article means to offer a perspective on this syndrome. It shows that this syndrome comes into play only in certain circumstances and that explicit policies may avoid it. In particular, the development of clean goods and technologies may avoid the buffet syndrome.     

基于客户关系管理理论的大企业纳税服务创新

随着中国大企业集团化、多元化、跨国(地域)经营发展、信息化程度提高的趋势,客观要求改革现行税收征管模式.基于客户关系管理理论,按照纳税人规模细分客户,有针对性地提供纳税服务,是必然选择.为大企业提供集约化、个性化、专业化的纳税服是推进中国税收管理现代化的核心内容.     

城乡税制统一:基于公共财政的分析视角

城乡分割的二元税制加重了农民负担,降低了我国农产品的国际竞争力,也有悖于市场经济的公平原则;在农村公共产品供给上,政府存在着职能缺位,这些都不利于建立城乡统一的公共财政。当前统一城乡税制面临着财政资金压力、税收征管能力、二元经济结构等方面因素的限制。统一城乡税制需要逐步完善城乡税收体系、加大政府对农村公共品投入以及深化基层人事制度改革和促进农业产业化等方面的配套改革。     

促进我国经济增长的宏观税负与税制结构探析

我国目前宏观税负与税制结构是渐进式经济改革和税制改革的产物,随着市场化程度和对外开放程度的提高,它们对经济增长的扭曲效应越来越大。为了促进我国经济的长期增长和经济的持续发展,必须确定适度的宏观税负水平,推进税费改革,建立兼顾“公平”与“效率”的税制结构。