Conclusion: Globalization,Work and Employment – Asia Pacific Experiences in Retrospect

In the concluding essay, the authors of this special issue provide a synthesis of the contributions presented in the volume. It is argued that globalization has become a powerful force in the business environment and has a major influence on the labour process, labour markets, the practice of management, and the management of employees in organizations. It is also asserted that both local and global companies are in various ways adjusting to the changes brought about by globalization. The essay comprehensively evaluates the significant number of management issues and variety of outcomes arising from economic globalization in the Asia-Pacific region. The implications of these issues for academic debate by managers, other practitioners, trade unions, employees and governments are critically explored.     

再论非政府组织与WTO关系

20世纪90年代以来,非政府组织在全球化进程中迅速兴起并积极参与WTO。通过对非政府组织概念和特征的界定,从WTO体制内关于非政府组织的规则和安排以及非政府组织参与WTO的实践,对非政府组织参与WTO问题作简单评析,指出非政府组织参与WTO的趋势及其参与对于WTO规则形成和争端解决的影响,从而对我国更好地发挥非政府组织的作用提出启示。     

An assessment of hierarchical linear modeling in international business,management, and marketing

International marketing research, in most cases, involves at least two levels (e.g., firms within countries) that make the hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) a suitable data analysis technique. Due to its robustness, the use of HLM in the international business (IB) research has increased substantially over the last decade. However there is still a lack of standardization in the fundamental issues that hinders the wide spread use of HLM. This study provides unified approach to HLM use in IB research by providing standards for appropriate use of HLM. To achieve this goal, a detailed analysis of the method's use in 42 IB studies is provided and these studies are compared with 104 non-international studies to determine where IB research stands in terms of HLM use. Finally this study focuses on the good HLM practices and offers suggestions designed to maximize the effective use of HLM and potential in international business studies.     

当前企业知识型员工的管理方略

当今世界面临着信息化、全球化两大趋势。在科技先进和信息化先行的发达国家,又涌现了知识经济的浪潮,这给经济管理和传统经济管理理论带来许多新的情况、新的课题。企业经济管理之间竞争的重点是知识型的人才,而经济管理中各种要素的管理归根到底也是对高素质人员———知识型员工的管理。因此,知识型员工管理是企业成败的关键因素。     

Ethics in Global Business and in a Plural Society

The contemporary confluence of globalization and ethical pluralism is at the origin of many ethical challenges that confront business nowadays, both in practice and in theory. One of the challenges arising from the development of globalization has to do with respect for cultural diversity. It is often said that the success of economic globalization tends towards social and cultural homogeneity. To the extent that cultural diversity is usually seen as a valuable reality, that global trend seems to contradict our efforts to respect ethical pluralism, both personal and cultural, within society. In this paper I argue that (a) ethical minimalism, despite its emphasis on tolerance and justice, does not take pluralism seriously into account in present-day society, and (b) ethical minimalism is not suited to balancing the homogenizing trend of globalization. Certainly ethical norms are necessary, but by no means are they sufficient in themselves to encourage either justice or tolerance; nor are they sufficient to inspire and encourage good practices and sound regulations. Instead, virtue-based ethics has the capacity of inspiring and encouraging good practices. Particularly, virtue-based ethics is able to inspire a serious dialogue about ethical and legal issues both in the public arena and within organizations.     

Women, Management and Globalization in the Middle East

This paper provides new theoretical insights into the interconnections and relationships between women, management and globalization in the Middle East (ME). The discussion is positioned within broader globalization debates about women’s social status in ME economies. Based on case study evidence and the UN datasets, the article critiques social, cultural and economic reasons for women’s limited advancement in the public sphere. These include the prevalence of the patriarchal work contract within public and private institutions, as well as cultural and ethical values which create strongly defined gender roles. The discussion examines the complexities of conceptualizing women’s equality and empowerment in Islamic states. The paper reveals that there have been significant achievements in advancing women in leadership and political roles, but that there are still institutional and cultural barriers embedded in business systems. Linking feminist, development and management theoretical strands a development framework is proposed which is sensitive to the Islamic Shar’ia encompassing government, organization and individual level strategies. It is suggested that scholars should integrate literatures from gender and management, development and Middle East studies, and in particular that critical scholars of gender and organization should consider the interrelations of the national and transnational in critiques of contemporary global capitalism to understand the complexity of women and social change in the ME.     

Revisiting the standing of international business journals in the competitive landscape

Journal rankings are contentious, proliferating and bring about a significant change to research productivity and quality assessment. In this paper, we assess the quality and impact of International Business (IB) journals in relation to each other and management and business journals more broadly. In so doing, we overcome methodological limitations of previous journal rankings by adopting a novel approach that incorporates a worldwide meta-ranking. Its key advantage is the ability to look at the standing of journals both within and between subject-areas. Comparisons between subject areas are important because centralization of resource allocation decisions within institutions has ramifications for disciplines and staff involved. Results indicate that within the IB domain, JIBS continues to top the list, JWB has solidified its position and joined the upper tier of IB journals, the space below JIBS and JWB is increasingly contested, pointing to the emergence of a multi-tier set of “core” IB journals. In the wider competitive landscape of management and business journals, IB journals perform well in the upper tier, but there is a long tail of IB journals at the lower end of our meta-ranking.     

加入WTO后提高财务管理水平的思考

财务管理是贯穿整个企业经营活动始终的一条生命线。加入WTO,使我国经济工作面临着新的机遇和挑战,同时也使财务工作者面临着新的问题。面对新的理财环境,企业要全方位更新财务管理观念,全面提升财务管理层次,迎接经济全球化的挑战。     

关于中国煤炭企业跨国经营问题的思考

随着信息技术和经济全球化的快速发展,中国成为世界最主要经济增长体,对外贸易结构发生了显著变化,已经由资本、技术的引进型向输出型转变,越来越多的企业纷纷“走出去”,开展跨国经营。中国煤炭企业近十年不断发展壮大,一些龙头企业已经具备开发海外资源的基本条件,但是,由于受所处发展阶段、企业外部因素和自身内部因素影响,存在着制约国际化进程的种种问题,“走出去”的步伐较慢,解决好这些问题,利用机遇和自身优势,制定切实可行的战略,完善战略实施的措施,成为煤炭企业目前亟待解决的问题。     

Teaching International Business as an Opportunity to Develop Cultural Sensitivity

Business program graduates are expected to perform with cultural sensitivity in international and intercultural professional environments. In order to support student development of the necessary mindset, a variety of assignments and activities have been integrated into the undergraduate International Business (IB) course. This article describes several types of exercises that can be used by anyone teaching this course or one where cultural sensitivity is an important component. No quantitative data are presented, nor are any claims made to the efficacy of these assignments. But student comments point to increased cultural sensitivity and a better understanding of the issues of globalization.     

现代电力营销网络的结构与电子商务系统

本文根据市场发展的需要,建立一套安全有效的营销网络,是电力发展必经之路,文中介绍了一个以2M电路和GRPS网络为基础的电力营销网络的架设及电子商务系统的内涵.     

Globalization and labour rights: the case of Korea

In this contribution the background of Korean industrial relations (IR) is reviewed, followed by analysis of more recent changes with a special focus on globalization issues. We argue that globalization has both positive and negative effects on IR issues in Korea. There was a positive side of globalization in terms of worker rights, hence basic labour rights have been improved to meet global labour standards. However, there was a negative side to it as well in terms of working conditions and employment practices, which brought substantial setbacks for unions and rapidly eroded their power base. This negative side has more clearly appeared after the recent economic crisis.     

简析国际贸易中的人权问题

在经济全球化的今天,国际贸易与人权的互动关系日益受到关注,由于发达国家和发展中国家在国际贸易中有各自的利益诉求,使得双方冲突加剧,特别是关于人权方面的问题已成为双方争执的焦点。为了使得双方能获得共赢的结果,加强合作,完善相关制度,提高争端解决机制的效率,是切实可行的解决措施。     

Natural resources,multinational enterprises and sustainable development

The natural resources sectors have not been prominent in the recent international business (IB) or management literature. We argue that the natural resources sectors, if not unique, are certainly characterized by a set of features that make them different, and raise issues that are central to international business. We identify two broad areas: the theory of FDI and the MNE, and the link between MNEs and sustainable development. We survey the relevant literature, much of it from outside IB, and identify a rich menu of research opportunities for IB scholars, many of which are addressed in the papers in this Special Issue.     

供应链环境下企业质量文化的变革及对策探讨

对于企业的质量改进,不仅需要方法和技术的支持,更需要企业质量文化的支持,缺乏文化支持的质量管理活动注定是失败的。特别是随着经济全球化及市场竞争的加剧,供应链经营模式被越来越多的企业采用,企业质量管理的范围和模式发生了较大变化,企业质量文化的滞后性已阻碍了供应链节点企业的经营和质量改进活动,因此急需对其进行变革。     

The development of IB as a scientific field

International business (IB) is today an established field in business studies with two professional associations and numerous academic publications. However, it is much younger than many other fields in the management area. Although economists were focusing on international issues even before, it was not until after the Second World War that IB started to emerge as a scientific field. The purpose of this paper is to analyse this development from the early days up to the present time. In so doing, using a theoretical framework, it focuses on the organizing of the field, i.e. how early informal contacts eventually led to the formation of formal organizations, the launching of journals, and with the passage of time the publishing of handbooks. The paper provides empirical evidence of all these steps. In this way it presents data on significant contributions to the field.     

浅述出入境检验检疫与非传统安全问题的治理

在当前全球经济贸易自由化和区域经济一体化不断深入的趋势下,经济金融动荡、资源能源短缺、贸易保护主义、自然生态环境恶化、传染病大规模暴发、产品质量与食品安全以及生物恐怖主义等在内的诸多非传统安全问题对我国的经济社会发展和公共安全构成了重大威胁。而科学发展观理论的提出,正是重点针对上述问题,以确保全面协调可持续发展,构建以人为本的和谐社会。出入境检验检疫是我国参与全球化秩序最早也是融入最充分的工作体系之一,本文在对非传统安全问题内涵、成因及传播的一般规律进行解释的基础上,分析了非传统安全问题与出入境检验检疫之间的内在联系,并结合笔者个人思考,给出了在科学发展观的指导下,出入境检验检疫如何积极参与我国非传统安全问题治理的建议。     

Critical Theoretical Considerations of Public Relations Messaging Around the Globe: Tools for Creating and Evaluating Campaign Messages

This study employs several critical theories in order to demonstrate their explanatory power in understanding public relations communication, globalization within campaign communication, and, in particular, some sample campaign messages drawn from public relations research and practice. In particular, critical theories of cultural studies, semiotics, and postmodernism inform the design and understanding of public relations messages through the tools of analysis they offer and through the rich vocabulary they provide. This study argues that public relations is the logical business communication discipline to develop theory and research into campaign message design and globalization issues utilizing the critical paradigm.     

Internationalization Strategies of Business Schools: How Flat Is the World?

Business school strategy has become extremely complex, especially regarding internationalization. Using different paths, experiencing failure and success, business schools have internationalized, attracting many of the international students who contributed $27 billion¹ to the US economy in 2014. Some business schools are global, training global managers, while others serve national markets. How do business schools strategize about internationalization? Can we use existing models to explain this process? Are internationalization and globalization similar? Using a comparative analysis of six case studies in the United States and Europe, we found that the engine of internationalization influences its paths and outcomes. We contribute to international business (IB) research by discussing how business schools strategize their internationalization toward uniformity or diversity under isomorphic pressures from accreditation bodies (Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business [AACSB], 2011) and rankings. The so‐called Uppsala model should be extended to address three tensions: internationalization versus globalization, enacted dimensions of audiences, and respective risks of different internationalization pathways. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Does a Student’s Personality Influence Global Attentiveness and Internationalism in an International Business Course?

Learning outcomes for international business (IB) courses are designed to do more than simply impart IB knowledge. However, past studies have had mixed results on the impact of learning in IB courses. This study examines whether a student’s personality may affect learning outcomes. The results suggest that after completing an IB course, students become more interested in keeping up with important international issues (i.e., global attentiveness) and also benefit from a stronger global outlook (i.e., internationalism). The Big Five personality trait, openness to experience, partially affected these learning outcomes. Students in our study with a high degree of openness to experience were the most global attentive before and after taking the IB course. However, openness to experience levels did not significantly influence levels of internationalism. Implications of this study and suggestions for future research are also discussed.