新型农村合作医疗制度设计中的城乡与区域分割问题探讨

本文对农村人口流动背景下新型农村合作医疗制度设计中的城乡与区域分割问题进行了研究。研究显示,新型农村合作医疗制度设计仍延续了中国长期以来"城乡两个区域、城乡居民两个群体"的政策思路,导致了这一制度体系的城乡分割和区域分割,这一制度设计越来越难以适应人口流动、城镇化乃至城乡经济一体化的现实情况,存在一系列缺陷。进而探讨了可能的改进路径。     

Urban water management: optimal price and investment policy under climate variability*

Australian urban water utilities face a significant challenge in designing appropriate demand management and supply augmentation policies in the presence of significant water scarcity and climate variability. This article considers the design of optimal demand management and supply augmentation policies for urban water. In particular, scarcity pricing is considered as a potential alternative to the predominant demand management policy of water restrictions. A stochastic dynamic programming model of an urban water market is developed based on data from the ACT region. Given a specification of the demand and supply for urban water state dependent optimal price and investment policies are estimated. The results illustrate how the optimal urban water price varies inversely with the prevailing storage level and how the optimal timing of investment differs significantly between rain dependent and rain independent augmentation options.     

Assessing a Policy Grab Bag: Federal Water Policy Reform

This article examines the economic impacts of policy alternatives for addressing allocative inefficiencies among agricultural, urban, and environmental uses of federal water. The Central Valley Project Improvement Act, composed of multiple incentive–based and command–and–control policies, forms the context for this analysis. Estimated multi–output agricultural revenue functions and urban water demand functions are incorporated into a nonlinear programming model designed to predict changes in water use, returns to agriculture, and urban consumer surplus. Results suggest that analysis that does not explicitly model policy instruments implemented at sub–optimal levels and, as part of a package of reforms, could over– or underestimate the costs, benefits, and effectiveness of each policy instrument.     

Integrated economic-hydrologic water modeling at the basin scale: the Maipo river basin

Increasing competition for water across sectors increases the importance of the river basin as the appropriate unit of analysis to address the challenges facing water resources management; and modeling at this scale can provide essential information for policy makers in their resource allocation decisions. This paper introduces an integrated economic‐hydrologic modeling framework that accounts for the interactions between water allocation, farmer input choice, agricultural productivity, non‐agricultural water demand, and resource degradation in order to estimate the social and economic gains from improvement in the allocation and efficiency of water use. The model is applied to the Maipo river basin in Chile. Economic benefits to water use are evaluated for different demand management instruments, including markets in tradable water rights, based on production and benefit functions with respect to water for the agricultural and urban‐industrial sectors.     

Conservation tenders: linking theory and experiments for policy assessment*

Auction theory has mostly focussed on target‐constrained auctions and is less well developed for budget‐constrained tenders, which are the norm in environmental policy. This study assesses a theoretical model developed for budget‐constrained tenders in its capacity to predict tendering performance under information deficiencies typical of field applications. If complemented by laboratory experiments, the model is able to make the correct policy recommendation when comparing the tender to an equivalent fixed‐price scheme, even with poor predictive accuracy. This holds even if the policymaker has only limited information on the model’s key input variables.     

Does anybody like water restrictions? Some observations in Australian urban communities*

Mandatory water restrictions continue to be the immediate response to urban water shortages in most major cities in southern Australia. Whilst generally rejected by economists on efficiency grounds, restrictions and the enforcement regimes used to invoke them are, nonetheless, viewed by some in the community as a positive way of dealing with water scarcity. Given the likelihood that urban water restrictions will persist for some time, there is value in understanding householders’ attitudes in this context. The impact and acceptability of differing approaches to enforcement is of particular interest, because this has wider ramifications for the administration of policy generally. This paper uses the results from a choice experiment to investigate the interplay between different components of a water restriction regime. In stark contrast to prevailing views that focus on the community benefits from ‘sharing the pain of water shortages’, results point to the significance of being able to inform on ones neighbours as a component of the enforcement regimes.     

重庆市渝北区城市空间扩展模式分析

城市化过程的城区形态变异是以建设用地的向外扩展为显著特征的,而空间扩展的规律、过程和特征是衡量城市化发展水平和模式的主要标准。研究基于近二十年来重庆市渝北建成区时空分布情况,应用遥感与地理信息系统技术,分析了渝北建成区空间扩展的面积、速率、方向、模式以及区内的道路建设扩展情况,揭示了渝北建成区以及道路建设空间扩展的规律、过程和特征,为该区域的城市规划、城市水土资源管理和宏观调控决策等提供了科学的依据。     

Accounting for groundwater in future city visions

City planners, urban innovators and researchers are increasingly working on ‘future city’ initiatives to investigate the physical, social and political aspects of harmonized urban living. Despite this, sustainability principles and the importance of urban groundwater are lacking in future city visions. Using London as a case study, the importance of groundwater for cities is highlighted and a range of future city interventions may impact on groundwater are reviewed. Using data from water resource plans and city planning strategies, changes in the groundwater balance which may occur as a result of city interventions are calculated for two future city scenarios: a ‘strategic’ future informed by organisational policy and an ‘aspirational’ future guided by sustainability principles. For London, under a strategic future, preferential investment in industry-scale technologies such as wastewater treatment and groundwater storage would occur. Acknowledgement that behaviour change offers the potential for a faster rate of transformation than innovation technologies is ignored. The capacity of community-led action and smart-home technologies to deliver sustainable water use under an aspirational future is evident, with a measurable impact on urban groundwater. These methods may be used to inform city interventions that consider the social context in addition to environmental constraints and business drivers.     

Urban lake spatial openness and relationship with neighboring land prices: Exploratory geovisual analytics for essential policy insights

Possessing ecological service functions, as well as social and economic values, urban lakes are an important part of urban open spaces. The improvement in the openness of urban lakes is crucial to enhancing the efficiency and fairness of urban land use. Accompanied by China's rapid urbanization, China's urban land prices continue to rise and the government relies on land finance. Meanwhile, the number of urban lakes is decreasing, the lake water surface area is shrinking, and water pollution is becoming more serious. By using exploratory indicators, this study quantifies the degree of openness of urban lakes, and focuses on the relationship between lake spatial openness and neighboring land prices. Taking Wuhan (China) as a study case, we proposed a conceptual framework to guide the analysis within the context of land use policy. Then, we created exploratory indicators to quantify the spatial openness of urban lakes and mapped the results. Afterward, we conducted an exploratory geovisual analytics of urban land prices and lake spatial openness. Finally, we used a regression model to examine the relationship between prices and openness. Our results show that our new indicators were able to reflect the openness of the lakes in the central urban area of Wuhan simply and effectively. The overall spatial openness is relatively high, the mean values of two main indicators reflecting the openness percentage of the lakes are 69.91 % and 67.57 % respectively. However, there are still obvious regional differences between the openness indicators. The relationship between openness and neighboring land prices is spatially heterogeneous. Based on our analysis, we finally propose policy suggestions for protecting urban lakes and rational land use in the rapid urban expansion occurring in developing countries.     

Adaptive society in a changing environment: Insight into the social resilience of a rural region of Taiwan

Taiwan has abundant biological resources that provide a quality living environment; however, industrial land use may change that environment through urban sprawl and thus have impacts on rural society. This study examined the experience of a Taiwanese rural region that has been exposed to industrial wastewater discharge specifying the relationship of industrial development to rural society and its role in policy. We addressed the societal adaptation to environmental degradation from risk perception perspectives about land use. Drawing on social vulnerability concept, semi-structured interviews were conducted in five communities that use irrigation water exposed to wastewater discharge. The interviews were designed using the Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) causal framework to examine residents’ risk perceptions highlighting both built-environmental sensitivity (degradation) and residents’ adaptability (capacity). In addition, remote sensing technology was used to identify the urban sprawl that led to industrial land use and exposed the rural region to water pollution risks. As a result, we present a social resilience cycle to introduce adaptive responses underlining social amplification of risk. Both local knowledge of the locals (the Hakka people) and their societal response to environmental change reflect the role of culture in influencing land use policy. It is underlined that individual and community responses shape the social experience of risk and are related to both the ethnicity of the locals and the land use policy of the government. We indicated further that a large-scale survey that would really quantity this exploratory study to support land use decision-making is expected.     

撤县设区提升城市土地利用效率了吗？ ——基于全国261个城市的实证研究

研究目的：探究撤县设区政策对于不同城市土地利用效率的影响,以期为下一步撤县设区调整找准有效空间提供决策依据。研究方法：理论分析、DEA模型、多时点双重差分模型。研究结果：（1）从全样本回归结果来看,撤县设区政策对于城市土地利用效率具有提升作用,表现为实验组城市在撤县设区后较对照组土地利用效率显著提高0.031;（2）根据城市人口规模进行分类回归发现,撤县设区政策对特大城市、大城市和中等城市的土地利用效率具有明显提升作用,而对于小城市的政策评估结果并没有表现出显著影响;（3）撤县设区政策对于城市土地利用效率的提升作用具有短期滞后性和影响长期性的特点。研究结论：撤县设区政策可有效提升城市土地利用效率,并具有城市异质性特点。当城市亟需获得未来发展空间载体时,撤县设区政策可以从中发挥正向推动作用。     

基于低碳经济理念的城市住宅区土地集约利用水平测度

基于低碳经济理念构建城市住宅区土地集约利用水平测度指标体系,运用灰色定权聚类评估方法和比较分析法测度并对比分析低碳经济理念和传统理念下城市住宅区土地集约利用水平的差异.研究结果表明:低碳经济理念对城市住宅区土地集约利用提出了更高的要求,有利于促进城市住宅区土地合理集约利用;测度结果的对比反映了传统理念下土地集约利用存在的不足.     

基于农民意愿调查的城乡建设用地增减挂钩评价

从解析城乡建设用地增减挂钩政策涵义入手,实证分析了北京市X区农民对于搬迁上楼的心理意愿,剖析了目前农民"被上楼"现象所反映出来的问题,文章结论认为城乡建设用地增减挂钩政策是好政策,农民对挂钩政策本身也是认可的,但是挂钩政策在实施环节存在很多问题,另外当前我国挂钩政策试点批准节奏过快,应在完善好相关配套政策尤其是公平明晰的利益分配方案之后再行推进。     

水利资金政策演变与发展趋势研究

水利资金关系我国水利事业发展和水利工程建设运营,水利资金政策则是实现资金规范高效使用与管理的依据和保障。在梳理1980—2020年国家层面关于水利资金政策的基础上,从政策特征、政策主体、政策工具及政策主题多维度运用政策计量方法开展水利资金政策文本分析,探究了我国水利资金政策的全貌及演化规律,找寻新时代水利资金政策的发展趋势。研究发现,政策出台数量与经济社会发展进程相适应,水利现代化改革持续深化;为保证水利资金政策的制定和推行协调顺畅,发文主体以政策网络为主,且逐渐呈现多元化主体共商共治趋势;政策工具以命令控制型为主,相伴导向激励和建议辅助,由单一向组合政策工具转变;政策主题由安全性、保障性的刚性需求转变为整体性、协调性的发展需求。研究结果可为水利资金管理与高效使用提供理论参考。     

Urban planning in office markets: A methodological approach

This article stresses the importance of urban planning interventions on real estate office markets in an environment increasingly characterized by globalization processes and progress of information and communication technologies, leaving behind the traditional influence of more market-related variables spread abroad vast literature. It contends that a better indirect control exerted by municipal authorities may launch the performance and characteristics of these markets. Within this scope, an innovative methodology and model are proposed, aimed at assisting municipal decisions in the definition of strategic policies concerning location or relocation of offices, and respective influences over rents. This methodology and this model have a flexible ongoing character that fits the anytime concrete features of local office markets. They are applied, as a case study, to the office market of Oporto city (Portugal). Implications for urban policy are inferred and generalized from this analysis.     

Regulation versus pricing in urban water policy: the case of the Australian National Water Initiative

The Australian National Water Initiative (NWI) builds on the foundations of earlier water reforms, attempts to correct earlier errors in both policy and its implementation, and seeks to better define some of the policy aims with the benefit of hindsight. However, despite the deliberate effort to improve on earlier reforms, the NWI still embodies a significant economic paradox. Although policymakers have shown their faith in the market insofar as allocating water between competing agricultural interests is concerned, they have not shown the same degree of faith in the ability of urban users to respond to price signals. This paper attempts to shed at least some light on this question by examining the responses of a number of State governments across Australia to the NWI. The paper specifically explores the rationale for non-price regulation in the urban context but challenges the long-term viability of this approach.     

POI数据辅助下的泸州市城市地块用地类型现状快速判断与验证

［目的］土地利用规划和城市规划的用地地块,在实际使用过程中,都会不同程度与规划用途产生差异,如何把握规划的实施程度是土地管理中的一个重要问题。［方法］在大数据时代的背景下,通过对网络大数据可以真实地反映城市地块的真实使用状况。研究采用OSM（Open Street Map）,对研究区进行城市地块的划分,形成街区尺度的城市地块。采用POI（Point of Interest）数据,建立了POI分类与城市用地分类的映射关系,计算了不同类型的POI数据的频数密度和类型比例,形成基于POI的城市地块用地类型识别方法,对研究区的城市地块进行土地利用现状识别。识别结果与第二次土地调查分类结果进行对比,验证方法的可行性。［结果］从泸州市的实证结果看,基于POI数据的城市地块识别结果与基于地籍数据的城市地块识别结果存在很大的差别。地籍数据主要是表针城市地块中不同实体的土地利用状况,两种数据采集的标准和表达的意义都不同,因此造成结果存在较大的差异性。［结论］研究认为,POI点有准确的空间位置信息和丰富的属性信息,主要是表征城市地块中不同实体的真实使用状况,可以较准确地判定快速发展的城市进程中的城市用地类型,能较为真实反映城市地块的现实使用状况,但也要注意POI数据在实际应用中存在的缺陷和不足。     

浙江省城镇土地利用结构熵值变化分析

随着我国城镇化进程的加快,城镇土地利用结构动态发生了变化.为提高城镇土地利用的合理性、科学性,引入信息熵值,定量描述2009年和2010年浙江省11个地级市的城镇土地利用变化情况.采用对比分析和因素分析法,深入探究近年来城镇土地利用变化方向及原因.结果表明:城市发展的成熟度、产业结构的稳定性、政策变化的频繁度和城镇土地利用有序度之间成正相关关系.     

构建城乡土地自由流动的政策工具——以换地权益书保障土地要素返流的探索

研究目的:探索如何以换地权益书作为土地要素返流的保障手段,以期构建城乡土地自由流动的政策工具.研究方法:政策分析法和规范分析法.研究结果:当前统筹城乡发展中的土地要素流动存在诸多困境,不仅包括土地多重负担造成流动困难,还包括土地单向流动为主、缺乏双向流动的保障,以及土地规模化经营和流动中面临的空间和位置障碍.研究结论:要大胆创设新的政策工具,采用"换地权益书"的形式来构建土地要素自由流动的保障,这在当前既是必要的,也是可行的.     

Integrating farmland in urban green infrastructure planning. An evidence synthesis for informed policymaking

The Green Infrastructure (GI) Strategy was adopted by the European Commission in 2013, to promote the deployment of GI by integrating it into main policy areas. Despite a high level of awareness for a policy integration across sectors at the EU level, urban and peri-urban farmland (UPUF) is up to now barely considered. A systematic evidence base addressing the contributions of UPUF can support a more informed policymaking. To address this, our paper developed a first evidence synthesis, to evaluate potential of UPUF contributing to policy objectives, thereby tackling major urban challenges. Furthermore an analysis of policy documents revealed gaps on the current state of policymaking and potentials for the integration in future policies. Due to a reciprocal consideration between EU level policies and scientific knowledge this work provides information that help to further construct scientific evidence to address policy concerns while taking into account multiple perspectives. Furthermore, we discussed the implications of our findings for further UGI research and policymaking and thus hope to extend the current political debate across policy sectors.