Financial integration in East Asia: Evidence from panel unit root and panel cointegration tests

The aim of this paper is to investigate the degree of financial integration for selected East Asian countries from 1988 to 2006 using the recently developed panel unit root and panel cointegration techniques. Investment and savings rates are found to be nonstationary and not to be cointegrated in panels. We estimate modified Feldstein–Horioka equations and our results reveal a high degree of financial integration. When we homogenize our data, results show that high-income countries have stronger financial integration than middle-income countries. Finally, we proceed to stability tests in order to test if there is a crisis effect and we find that financial integration is stronger in the post-crisis period.     

东亚一体化与两岸经济整合模式研究

东亚一体化正加速发展,中国大陆经济的高增长成为了东亚经济增长动力的中心和引擎,中国台湾面临"经济边缘化"危险,两岸经济整合将是中国台湾融入东亚经济的有效途径。在"两岸自由贸易区"、"两岸更紧密经贸关系安排"、"两岸共同市场"三种两岸经济整合模式中,"两岸共同市场"理念和机制更具有可行性。     

东亚区域金融合作的选择探析

自从亚洲金融危机以后,东亚各国纷纷认识到开展区域金融合作的必要性,以增强抵御风险,化解危机的能力。而美元区和欧元区的相继建立既验证了最优货币区理论在实践上的可能性,也增强了东亚各国成功合作的信心。文章从合作的背景和动因,实际进展情况和最终目标,以及面临的困难这三个方面分析讨论了东亚区域金融合作的可行性,并进一步探讨了新加坡在合作中可扮演的角色。     

东亚金融一体化程度研究

本文通过使用汇率波动率、人均消费增长率的相关度、未抛补的利率平价偏差、双边贸易强度、利率相关度这五个指标来反映中国、日本、韩国以及中国香港、中国台湾任意两个经济体之间金融一体化的程度,并采用主成分分析的方法计算出了任意两个经济体之间金融一体化程度的大小。最后,本文依照分析结果结合目前东亚金融合作现状、东亚经济体面临的国际国内经济环境提出了促进东亚金融一体化的政策建议。     

东亚金融一体化的动态及其收益

近年来，东亚一系列区域金融合作引起了学术界对地区金融一体化现状和收益的极大兴趣。文章基于价格和数量的测度考察了东亚地区金融一体化的程度：抛补利差和股权溢价的β收敛结果表明，危机之前东亚金融市场的全球和区域一体化并行，但在近几年，区域一体化趋势更强劲，超过了全球一体化；金融引力模型的结果表明，东亚主要的跨境金融投资者的区域内金融资产持有量比金融引力模型预测的水平更大。此外，面板回归确定了较高的金融一体化作为更广泛的金融发展的关键组成部分，会显著降低东亚国家对发达国家的经常账户失衡，因此，区域层面的金融一体化可以作为加强东亚国家的增长来源和提高经济弹性的重要政策路径。     

Linkages between Trade and Financial Integration and Output Growth in East Asia

The effects of trade, financial and other variables generally seen as indicative of the degree of economic integration on movements in industrial production growth among countries in East Asia are assessed using the common component of movements in industrial production growth in the ASEAN 5 + 3 countries as a business cycle benchmark for the region. The results show the dominance of trade-related variables, as well as the world price of oil, in driving regional industrial production growth. Financial variables, while important, are not as robust.     

东亚金融体系变革与区域金融合作的深化

本文首先分析和评述了亚洲金融危机后东亚国家和地区的金融体系变革及其存在问题,在此基础上指出进一步深化东亚区域金融合作的必要性,并提出决定东亚区域金融合作深化的重要因素。     

超越东亚模式:金融危机中的东亚与中国

东亚发展模式在这次由美国次贷危机引发的全球金融危机中暴露出严重的局限性,其依靠投入与出口拉动的经济增长模式形成了对美国市场、美元及美国金融的高度依赖,使得本次危机透过金融渠道、货币渠道以及商品渠道对东亚经济体造成前所未有的冲击。东亚国家与地区应以这次危机为契机,调整其传统的经济发展模式,即通过体制机制创新来建立以技术进步和效率提升为动力,内需主导与外需相结合的全面促进经济发展的新模式。同时,加强区域合作,形成亚洲区域内经济循环机制,以期有效缓解外部冲击。     

RMB Internationalization and Its Implications for Financial and Monetary Cooperation in East Asia

This paper emphasizes the importance of the denomination of financial assets rather than trade invoicing as a long-term determinant of an international currency. China needs to liberalize and open its financial system and make the RMB fully convertible, and to adopt a moreflexible exchange rate system to speed up its currency internationalization, for which China could follow either a global or regional approach. The global approach is a riskier and more unpredictable strategy because it would demand a scope and timeframe of financial liberalization that is likely to be beyond China＇s institutional capacity over the coming decade. There are two options that could be taken in following the regional approach. One is creating an ASEAN＋ New 3 （the Chinese Mainland, Hong Kong, and Taiwan） RMB bloc and the other is liberalizing China＇s financial industries and internationalizing the RMB by playing a leading role in East Asia＇s economic integration within the framework of ASEAN＋ 3, This paper concludes that the latter is a more realistic and effective approach for China.     

Does East Asia Have a Working Financial Safety Net?

Financial safety nets in Asia have come a long way since the Asian financial crisis (AFC) of 1997/1998. With Asian countries not wanting to rely solely on the IMF again, the Chiang Mai Initiative (CMI) was created in 2000. When the CMI also proved inadequate following the global financial crisis, it was first multilateralized (CMIM), and then doubled in size to US$240bn, while the IMF de‐linked portion was increased to 30 percent of the available country quotas. A surveillance unit, the ASEAN+3 Macroeconomic Research Office, was set up in 2001. These are impressive developments, but are they enough to make the CMIM workable? Without clear and rapid‐response procedures to handle a fast‐developing financial emergency, we argue that it is unlikely that the CMIM will be used even as a complement to the IMF. To serve as a stand‐alone option, however, its size or the IMF de‐linked portion of funds needs to be further increased, as does its membership, to add diversity. Only if the ASEAN+3 Macroeconomic Research Office can develop into an independent and credible surveillance authority would it then perhaps be in a position to lead the next rescue.     

经济增长速度放慢 金融领域危机四伏—当前东亚地区经济和金融形势

当前,随着全球经济增长的减弱,东亚地区经济复苏也遇到了阻力,经济发展出现了许多令日担忧的问题.2000年下半年东亚一些国家和地区政局动荡,导致这一地区的货币持续疲软,到目前为止还没有明显的回稳迹象,形势仍不能令人乐观,舆论普遍认为,今年东亚货币前景存在着严重的隐患.     

Exchange-rate arrangements and financial integration in East Asia: on a collision course?

Financial integration in East Asia is actively being pursued and will in due course lead to substantial mobility of capital between economies in the region. Plans for monetary cooperation as a prelude to monetary integration and ultimately monetary unification are also proposed. These plans often suggest that central banks should adopt some form of common exchange rate policy in the transition period towards full monetary union. This paper argues that this is a dangerous path in the context of highly integrated financial markets. An alternative approach is proposed where independent central banks coordinate their monetary policies through the adoption of common objectives and by building an appropriate institutional framework. When this coordination process has progressed to the point where interest rate developments are similar across the region, and if in the meantime the required institutional infrastructure has been build, the next step towards monetary unification can be taken among those central banks that so desire. The claim is that this transition path is likely to be robust and will limit the risk of currency crises.     

The Financial Crisis: A Watershed in Economic Thought about East Asia

For the whole of East Asia, and for the world, the financial drama that came to international attention in the second quarter of 1997 has posed large questions about the operation of modern economies. While the expression 'Asian financial crisis' remains in the world's headlines, in February 1998 it would be more accurate to confine the term 'crisis' to Indonesia, Korea and Thailand, although some economies look more vulnerable to further complications than others, Vietnam amongst them. This paper examines the origins of the crisis and the manner in which it unfolded through 1997. It discusses possible consequences of recent events for long-term growth and structural change and economic thought.     

东亚金融一体化与消费风险分担的实证研究

本文运用相关性分析和面板数据模型,研究东亚金融一体化进程中国际消费风险分担的水平、动态演进及影响因素,得出金融一体化并未有效推动东亚的国际消费风险分担,其原因与东亚地区金融一体化及贸易开放度较低、金融发展较为滞后、消费平滑的交易成本较高有关。应从发展区域资本市场和借贷市场、完善跨国财政转移支付、提高商品和要素的跨国流动性等方面,完善东亚的国际消费风险分担机制。     

Regional integration in East Asia. From market-driven regionalisation to institutionalised regionalism?

Conclusions The analyses have shown that ESACs unprecedented emergence in world trade and capital transactions has been accompanied by a growing share of intra-area transactions. At least for the goods sector, the evidence is clear. Intra-area transactions grew faster than those to the rest of world, and the latter rose faster than world trade. Given this “double growth” performance, there was no trade diversion in the static zero sum meaning. Driving forces of fast growing intra-area transactions were basically internal conditions, such as “natural” trading partnership (geographical and cultural proximity, size, and complementarity in resource endowment and production structure), rising income levels fostering intra-industry trade, the economic opening of China, and unilateral liberalisation of trade and capital transactions on a non-discriminatory basis. It cannot be denied that external factors as protectionism and recession in non-Asian OECD countries have also contributed to this performance. Yet, it seems safe to assume that even without the US and European recession in the early eighties and early nineties and without the spread on non-tariff barriers, intraarea transactions would have received sufficient fuels from the internal factors to grow more rapidly than transactions with the rest of the world.¹⁷ Furthermore, a base effect of a low initial level of intra-area trade cannot be neglected.     

International financial integration and risk sharing among countries: A production-based approach

This paper develops a production-based model for analyzing a role of asset trade in pooling risks among countries and provides new evidence for the international consumption-output puzzle and risk sharing among countries. Efficient risk sharing rules among countries are the same as the conditions for full financial integration. Input prices and interest rates as well as technology shocks are found to be the driving variables for cross-country output co-movements. The international correlation puzzle reflects an inability to account for production risk sharing among countries in previous studies. The degree of international risk sharing is substantial relative to earlier estimates, which is largely realized from pooling production risks rather than consumption risks among countries.     

全球化动力衰减与后危机时代的东亚区域合作

世界性经济危机是人类全球化进程的重要后果之一,它以破坏性和消极的方式影响和控制全球化的速度和节奏,并展示全球化动力出现的衰减程度。2007年世界性金融危机是全球化动力衰减的外部表征,它为东亚区域合作提供了新的契机,这种契机在多大程度上转化为行动,将依赖于体系层面各国的合作程度以及中国的经济转型能否取得成功。     

美国金融危机:东亚的挑战与应对

东亚经济已经受到美国金融危机的严重影响.在实体领域,美国经济减速,造成东亚经济下行风险加大,同时也为东亚的出口导向型发展战略带来了调整的压力.在金融领域,东亚持有的巨额美元资产面临着损失的风险;宏观经济波动加剧,宏观经济管理与调控难度加大.美国金融危机的爆发,再一次说明了东亚加强经济合作的必要性与紧迫性.