Industrial conglomerates,risk spreading and the transition in Russia

This article explains the lasting transition crisis of Russian agriculture by applying Hayami & Ruttan's theory of induced innovation. The empirical analysis uses Russian farm data. For various types of farms factor intensities and partial factor productivities are calculated to identify differences in productivity between them. We identify the mechanism through which institutional frictions in Russia influence the choice of technology and the adaptation of technological change. Finally, policy recommendations are derived to make technical change more consistent with relative factor supplies and prices, and improve productivity, especially of inefficient farm types. In our view nothing speaks in favour of expensive Western ‘high-tech’ machinery imports to enhance the efficiency of Russian farms (especially larger ones). Until now the poor operation of domestic markets in Russia has obstructed a sufficient supply of Russian technology consistent with relative scarcities.     

International Trade, Technological Development, and Agglomeration

The paper focuses on how localized dynamic external economies of scale may cause uneven technological development internationally, and encourage regional agglomeration of industries. Location-specific technological progress depends on the absolute number of local innovating firms, and the relative number of innovating firms; i.e., the share of economic activity in a region that takes place within the innovating sector. The creation of industrial clusters contributes to explaining regional specialization, factor prices and welfare, and it appears that the critical size of a region regarding its ability to sustain an industrial cluster depends on whether factors of production are internationally mobile.     

An error correction model of induced innovation in UK agriculture

Cointegration techniques are applied to a model of induced innovation based on the two-stage Constant Elasticity of Substitution (CES) production function. This approach results in direct tests of the inducement hypothesis, which are applied to agricultural data for the United Kingdom from 1953 to 2000. The time series properties of the variables are checked, cointegration is established and an Error Correction Model (ECM) constructed, which attempts to separate factor substitution from technological change. Finally, the ECM formulation is subjected to causality tests, which show that the factor price ratio for chemicals and land is Granger-prior to the factor-saving bias of technological change. However, long-run relative prices are not causally prior to the machinery/labour ratio. This results from perturbations in the user cost of machinery, caused by oil price shocks. Thus, the Induced Innovation Hypothesis (IIH) may explain long-run transformations like the mechanical and fertilizer revolutions that dominated the twentieth century, but not reflect short-run price volatility.     

Sectoral systems of environmental innovation: An application to the French automotive industry

This article seeks to show how a sectoral system approach may contribute to the analysis of the determinants of environmental innovations. By using Malerba's [F. Malerba: Sectoral systems of innovation and production, Res. Policy Vol. 102, 845-859, (2002)] concept of sectoral system of innovation and production, we develop a sectoral framework based on three building blocks: technological regimes, demand conditions and environmental and innovation policy. Within this framework, the sectoral patterns of environmental innovation result from the interplay between these three blocks. The conceptual framework is applied to the case of the French automotive industry, with a specific focus on the development of low emission vehicles. The analysis shows how technological regime and demand conditions lead to technological inertia, and so to a strong persistence of the dominant design. Finally, environmental and innovative policy are considered in an integrated way, so that we can study how they influence technological regime and demand conditions, and in the meantime how they are conditioned by these two blocks.     

Business Civilization in Decline

Technological change is modeled as endogenous in the sense that it is affected by economic, behavioral, and institutional variables. Technological change is especially affected by changes in relative input prices and their level, of which the price of labor is particularly important. Input prices are affected by institutional variables. Such prices also impact on the firm's efficiency, which in turn affects growth rates as well as the rate of technical change. As relative factor prices or their level increase, firms are induced to innovate or adopt extant technology to remain competitive or to maintain current profit rates. High wage firms can be expected to engage in such induced technological change, leading the growth process thereby yielding lower unit costs and increasing the level of material welfare. Relatively low wage economies can be locked into a state of economic inefficiency and laggard technological progress, especially in the long run.     

'Social Democracy on the Back Foot': The ALP and the 'New' Australian Model

Politicians hope that technological innovation will mitigate the threat of climate change and expect that capitalism will most efficiently deliver the necessary technologies. Yet capitalism is not monolithic. The Varieties of Capitalism approach suggests that capitalist states fall within a spectrum between liberal market economies (LMEs) and coordinated market economies (CMEs). How do the relative styles of technological innovation in LMEs versus CMEs affect their ability to reduce carbon emissions? This article addresses this question by investigating the relative technological styles and strengths of LMEs and CMEs, and comparing them to the technological development needed to combat climate change. While technological change in CMEs tends to be more incremental, LMEs, with their greater orientation to competitive markets, are said to better support radical technological change. This article finds that the US's LME variety of capitalism hampers its ability to address climate change by comparison to CMEs such as Germany and Japan, and therefore suggests that the US's lack of leadership on climate change is as much a consequence of its variety of capitalism as an absence of political will.     

An innovation index based on factor analysis

Factor analysis techniques are applied to develop an innovation index which indicates the relative tendency of various industrial sectors to innovate. The index is derived from various input variables which reflect the extent to which resources are allocated to achieve innovation and output variables which measure the extent to which new product and process innovation is achieved. In constructing the innovation index, each of the variables is weighted in accordance to its involvement in factor patterns which best reproduce correlations in the set of statistics. The innovation index is applied to rank-order various industrial sector and changes in innovation characteristics over time are indicated by index values determined for 1960, 1963 and 1970. Relationships are established between values of the innovation index and interindustry differences in the dynamics of the development of markets created through technological innovation. Application of these relationships for projecting the rate at which markets will develop for new technological innovations is discussed.     

宾县优质水稻开发现状及“十二五”时期发展方向

宾县优质水稻的开发既有其优势,也存在着不利因素。优势在于自然条件、科技条件良好,科研推广体系健全,市场潜力大,生产的规划与管理到位等;同时,也存在生产经营规模小、产品档次低等不利因素。宾县＂十二五＂期间要开发和引进新品种,加强科学管理,提高科技含量,努力开拓国内外市场,使优质水稻生产上规模、上档次、增效益。     

International trade,technological change and wage inequality in the UK economy

This paper examines the joint impact of international trade and technological change on UK wages across different skill groups. International trade is measured as changes in product prices and technological change as total factor productivity (TFP) growth. We take account of a multi-sector and multi-factor of production economy and use mandated wage methodology in order to create an well-balanced approach in terms of theoretical and empirical cohesion. We use data from the EU KLEMS database and analyse the impact of both product price changes and TFP changes of 11 UK manufacturing sectors on factor rewards of high-, medium- and low-skilled workers. Results show that real wages of skill groups are significantly driven by the sector bias of price change and TFP growth of several sectors of production. Furthermore, we estimate the share of the three different skill groups on added value for each year from 1970 to 2005. The shares indicate structural change in the UK economy. Results show a structural change owing to decreasing shares of low-skilled workers and increasing shares of medium-skilled and high-skilled workers over the years.     

连续进化金融模型与全局渐进化稳定策略

本文运用达尔文生物进化论思想研究连续交易金融市场选择的动态变化及一般均衡规律。本文发现并证明了:金融资产“赢利”的充要条件是该资产相对股息大于相对股价;投资比例等于股息分发比例的简单混合策略是全局渐近进化稳定策略;在均衡条件下,对应的金融资产价格等于该资产股息占总股息的比例的数学期望;市场变异或金融创新是有效市场形成的动力;全局渐近进化稳定策略业绩可能在某些时候不是最好的,但只要其初始财富大于零,最终将控制市场上的所有财富,而简单混合策略,可能在某个时候业绩优良,然而,在市场存在全局渐近进化稳定策略的条件下,只要其初始财富份额小于1,最终控制的财富趋向于零,从而被市场所淘汰。     

Testing the Induced Innovation Hypothesis in a Cointegrating Regression Model

This study proposes a method for testing the induced innovation hypothesis using a cointegrating regression model. An error correction model of the share equations derived from a translog cost function model is used for the estimation. Cointegration among the variables ensures the existence of the innovation possibility curve. An error correction term of the model represents the technological change process. A difference in the elasticities of factor substitution along the isoquant curve and the innovation possibility curve implies the induced technological innovation. An empirical application is also carried out using time-series data of rice production in Japan.
JEL Classification Numbers: O33, Q10, C32.     

Accounting for South Korean GDP Growth: Index-Number and Econometric Estimates

The paper estimates the contribution of each one of the major determinants of South-Korean nominal GDP growth: technological change, movements in the terms of trade, increases in the endowments of labor and capital, and changes in domestic output prices. An index-number technique is used as well as an econometric approach. Both have a tight theoretical foundation, being based on the GDP function approach to modeling the production sector of an open economy.     

基于韧性视角的区域硬科技创新组态分析

硬科技是推动我国经济转型升级的关键技术,建设富有韧性的硬科技创新体系已成为提升国家科技实力、应对新一轮科技革命的重要路径。基于韧性视角,构建驱动硬科技创新发展的整合性分析框架,运用定性比较分析方法对中国沿海城市和内陆城市进行组态比较分析。研究发现,沿海城市推动硬科技创新发展的驱动路径有3条,内陆有4条;两类区域驱动路径中,硬科技创新发展的核心驱动条件具有差异性,同时,多样性、进化性、流动性、缓冲性条件的替代关系也不同。研究结论对促进沿海和内陆城市的硬科技创新具有一定借鉴意义。     

技术创新的中等收入分配效应:原创还是引进再创新

文章从理论与实证两个层面分析技术原创及技术引进再创新对中等收入群体的影响,以全面探究技术创新的收入分配效应.研究发现:技术原创改善了收入分配状况,即技术原创促使技术进步偏向于劳动,以提高劳动收入份额与扩大中等收入群体,能有效地发挥技术原创的收入分配效应;长期内,技术引进不利于改善收入分配状况,即技术引进的收入分配效应相当有限,且不显著;而技术引进再创新会恶化收入分配状况,即技术引进再创新使技术进步偏向于资本,资本逆转与逆向溢出较为严重,这会抑制中等收入群体的扩大,造成技术引进再创新对收入分配的效应失效.文章为创新驱动发展模式下技术创新的收入分配效应分析提供了参考,也为技术原创还是引进再创新对收入分配的影响提供了明确的政策含义.     

“双碳”目标下碳交易与制造业绿色全要素生产率——基于异质性技术创新模式的机制检验

碳交易是推动制造业绿色发展,实现“双碳”目标的重要市场化工具,交易价格和市场规模能够反映碳交易实施状况,是影响制造业绿色全要素生产率的重要因素。从碳交易价格和市场规模切入,基于2008—2020年中国内地30个省份面板数据,构建连续型双重差分模型评估碳交易对制造业绿色全要素生产率的作用效果,并考察异质性技术创新模式的传导路径。结果表明,提高碳交易价格和扩大市场规模均能显著提升制造业绿色全要素生产率。机制检验表明,碳交易价格和市场规模能够推动自主创新、减少技术改造投入,进而影响制造业绿色全要素生产率,而技术引进并非有效路径。进一步研究发现,自主创新对技术改造存在挤出效应。研究结论对完善碳交易制度顶层设计、精准制定技术创新配套政策具有重要启示意义。     

资本市场促进技术创新的效率研究——以西部地区为例

在运用Malmquist指数的基础上,笔者测量了我国西部地区12个省市资本市场促进技术创新的全要素生产率(TPF)、技术效率变化指数(TECH)以及技术进步率指数(TPCH),比较和分析了西部地区各省市资本市场促进技术创新的效率水平。运用12个省市的专利和资本市场融资面板数据建立回归方程进行验证,发现各省市资本市场在促进当地创新效率方面还不均衡;资本市场发展较好以及技术创新潜力较大、需求较高的地区,资本市场融资投入对技术创新的全要素生产率也较高。     

海外情境下本土后发企业颠覆性创新演化路径研究——价值创新视角

近年来，我国后发企业在海外市场面临着政策限制、市场挤压和技术竞争等挑战。颠覆性创新作为管理实践中重要的创新理论与分析工具，价值创新为进一步探索颠覆性创新技术演化与市场侵入提供了新的着眼点，从而为海外情境下后发企业突围提供了重要理论支持。基于颠覆性创新和价值创新相关理论研究，采用扎根理论并借助NVivo12对一加手机案例进行自下而上编码，归纳其演化路径。结果发现：本土后发企业在海外市场的颠覆性创新演化模型主要由4个主范畴构成，其中异质性需求定位是颠覆性创新价值主张的前提，用户中心化技术创新是价值创造的源泉，融入文化的商业化创新是价值传递的手段，市场侵蚀是价值实现的终端。结论可拓展颠覆性创新理论情境，对本土后发企业开拓海外市场具有实践价值。     

A new method for measuring technological change

This paper presents a new method for testing for technological change. The innovation here is the introduction of a production function which is sufficiently flexible to detect the change. The production function is assumed to be a function not only of the relevant inputs but also of technology-changing parameters.     

Localized Technological Change and Unemployment in the Global Economy: a Schumpeterian approach

This paper develops a Schumpeterian approach to analyse the interaction between unemployment and localized technological change in a global competitive process. The model predicts that the present levels of unemployment are caused by a combination of three factors: (i) the localized character of the wave of information and communication technology generated in the more advanced countries which, because of this, it is characterized by a factor mix appropriate to economic systems where there is an abundance of capital and a relative scarcity of labour; (ii) the strong and rapid dynamic decline of competitive advantages and quasi-rents, based on the introduction of new information and communication technology; (iii) the strong international competitive pressure from countries with lower wage levels and a greater capability to host the affiliates of multinational companies and to imitate the new information and communication technologies developed in the innovative countries. The results of the empirical analysis, for the OECD countries in the years 1990–92, suggest that a country's competitiveness and therefore its share of total world demand and employment is mostly, if not exclusively, determined by its innovative capacity. Wage levels alone cannot, even when they fall, at least in relative terms, re-establish conditions of full employment: efficiency wages are an important complementary factor in building the innovation capacity of a country.     

The Dynamic ‘Diamond’: A Technological Innovation Perspective

A firm's local environment can constitute a source of national or regional cornpetitive advantage. An important question, therefore, is how these environments come about and how they can be lost. In this paper, we argue that a local environment is a function of the process of technological evolution. It is a function of how certain initial and prevailing conditions, the type of innovation, and chance events, influence the processes of uncertainty resolution, capabilities building, and survivor selection that are characteristic of technological evolution. We also argue that a region can lose its advantage when a dominant design emerges or when a technological discontinuity obsoletes the localized technological capabilities of not only manufacturers, but also of their suppliers, customers and related industries. The environment is dynamic as firms and nations, in response to their performances, also influence it by changing their strategies or policies.