CAPITAL‐ AND LABOR‐SAVING TECHNICAL CHANGE IN AN AGING ECONOMY

Does population aging and the associated increase in the old‐age dependency ratio affect economic growth? The answer is given in a novel analytical framework that allows for population aging to affect endogenous capital‐ and labor‐saving technical change. In a steady state capital‐saving technical progress vanishes, and the economy's growth rate of per‐capita variables reflects only labor‐saving technical change. The mere possibility of capital‐saving technical change is shown to imply that the economy's steady‐state growth rate becomes independent of its age structure: Neither a higher life expectancy nor a decline in fertility affects economic growth in the long run.     

Technology elasticity and potential on energy saving and emission reduction: evidence from China

This article investigates the elasticity of different technology choices to energy efficiency and chemical oxygen demand/ammonia nitrogen emission reducing efficiency among 38 industries in China from 2008 to 2011. With data envelopment analysis, total-factor productivity growth, the common measure of technical progress, is divided into different parts: technical efficiency relative to the frontier, technology change and scale efficiency, which are regarded as three different choices of technological progress. For various industries, technology elasticity is quite different and the importance of different technical choices is diverse in the improvement of efficiency on energy saving and emission reduction. Policymakers could focus on the elasticity of different technical progress choices in various industries to improve energy and emission reduction efficiency.     

新常态经济下技术创新对能源消耗的影响

在尝试对新常态经济内涵进行量化的基础上,运用指数分解法和索洛余数法分别测算了北京市经济新常态期间技术创新带来的分产业节能量、耗能量以及能源反弹效应,系统评价了技术创新对能源消耗的影响,进一步预测了新常态下北京市2015-2020年发展趋势,以期为北京市及全国经济发展与节能减排工作提供理论依据和科学思路。研究结果表明：1996-2013年,北京市逐渐由新常态经济的“潜伏期”进入新常态期;希克斯中性技术创新对能源消耗的影响主要体现在第二、第三产业;2000年之后技术创新节能量迅速增长,受市场机制与技术创新对经济周期的影响,反弹耗能量和反弹效应呈波动趋势;经济增长越慢,技术创新的节能效应和反弹耗能效应越小;新常态下现有要素投入规模和结构决定了短期内北京市GDP年均增速不能低于4.50%,否则会由于经济增长过慢导致技术创新动力不足,抑制技术创新发展。     

产品信息标签的技术诱导效应研究:基于能效标识制度的实证

运用关键词频统计法,构建中国1999-2013年节能节电专利面板数据,以能效标识制度为切入点,从专利数量、相对专利产出和技术重心等指标分析能效标识制度对技术创新的影响,进而考察产品信息标签对技术创新的诱导机制。研究发现:(1)能效等级信号是能效标识制度能否诱导技术创新的关键;(2)能效标识制度对节能节电类专利具有显著正向影响,即能效标识制度对技术创新具有显著诱导效应;(3)能效标识制度不仅能够提升节能节电专利与节水专利之间的比值,而且能够显著提高节能节电专利占所有专利的比例,即该政策导致偏向性技术进步;(4)相对而言,能效标识制度对创新程度较高的发明专利具有更强的诱导效应。为此,完善能效标识制度、推广产品信息标签,有助于引导技术进步,促进社会可持续发展。     

节能减排约束下广东地区工业经济的可持续发展：2011—2020

本文基于方向性距离函数（DDF）模型,采用序列DEA方法测度和比较了广东省21市的工业在2011—2020年间不同节能减排情景的潜在产出变化,探索出广东工业未来可持续发展的最优节能减排情景。结果显示：对大部分地区工业而言,节能减排初始阶段会造成较大的潜在产出净损失,但最终会逐步实现潜在产出净增长;特别地,节能减排行为对经济发展水平较高的珠三角地区比经济发展水平较低的其它地区造成的损失更小。节能减排的技术进步是各地区工业环境全要素生产率增长的核心动力,当然技术效率在后期也发挥出作用,这些结果反映出各地区须进一步提高节能减排技术,最终实现工业经济的可持续发展。     

Transformation bias in the costs and benefits of housing subsidies

This note investigates the importance of testing the validity of the Hicks-neutral technical progress assumption in the context of examining the substitutability or complementarity between capital, labour and energy in the UK industrial sector, It is found that the hypothesis of neutral technical progress must be rejected in favour of the non-neutral hypothesis: with technical progress thus biased to using both capital and energy but to saving labour. In addition, it is found that all three factors are substitutable for one another when non-neutral technical progress is modelled.     

技术进步方式与贸易条件变化研究

在垄断竞争的差异化产品模型假设下,在成本结构中引入技术进步的两种类型即资本节约型技术进步和劳动节约型技术进步。本国劳动节约型的技术进步使得本国同类产品的产出数量增多,贸易条件下降;但资本节约型的技术进步可使本国差异化产品种类增多,贸易条件上升。通过中国工业品行业的资本劳动比和贸易条件变化的关系,初步验证了该理论模型。     

不同类型技术进步的节能减排绩效及其动态变化

运用非参数SML生产率指数模型,测算了1994—2014年中国35个工业行业的基于绿色增长的技术进步,并采用面板模型对按能耗与碳排放分组的行业分别进行能耗强度和CO_2排放强度回归。结果表明:生产前沿的科技创新是推动中国工业绿色全要素生产率提高的主动力,前沿科技创新的节能降耗绩效最高,纯技术效率的CO_2减排绩效最高;技术进步的节能降耗效应与CO_2减排效应具有非对称性,技术进步的CO_2减排绩效大于其节能降耗绩效;能源消费结构调整的CO_2减排绩效大于其节能降耗绩效。     

A New Technical Progress Function (1962)

Abstract. In this paper, I show that labour‐saving or capital‐saving technical progress is induced by the distribution of income between capital and labour. In the long run, technical progress is Harrod neutral. The long‐run equilibrium factor income distribution is determined by a parameter of the technical progress function.     

Technical Progress and the North–South Terms of Trade

In a classical world where prices of both northern manufactures and southern raw materials are determined by market demand and supply, technical progress in one region leads to a terms-of-trade improvement of the other region irrespective of whether technical progress is labor-saving or raw-material saving. But in a neo-Kaleckian framework characterized by surplus capacity, and an effective demand problem in the North and a capacity constraint in the South, the terms of trade would turn against the South even if the North experienced a higher rate of technical progress than that of the South.     

中国工业结构变化与技术进步率增长研究——对中国1985—2009年工业“结构红利假说”的检验

要素流动推动着经济结构的变化,并且影响着技术进步水平的增长。在估计37个行业的技术进步与资本存量的基础上,本文利用偏离一份额法分析了工业结构变化的技术进步率增长效应。研究发现我国各行业之间的技术进步率在不断改善,资本和劳动力的流动较明显倾向于第二、三类产业;资本要素对技术进步率增长的贡献主要来源于内部增长效应;劳动力变化对技术进步的影响较大,但是主要依靠内部增长效应来促进技术进步率的增长,其中劳动力的流动对第三类产业具有显著的“结构红利”。     

Total factor productivity and R&D capital in the spanish economy, 1965–1980

A formal model of productivity growth and technical progress is presented. The model takes into account embodied and disembodied technical progress as explanatory variables. The slowdown in productivity growth for the Spanish economy after 1972 is explained for 92% by the decline in the rate of growth of technical progress originated from domestic R&D and technology imports.     

Steady growth,policy shocks,and speed of adjustment under embodiment and putty-clay

This inquiry addresses the question of adjustment speed by appealing to a model founded on embodied technical progress and putty-clay capital. It postulates a CES production structure along with static wage-expectations and derives the steady-growth solution. It also derives comparative dynamic properties involving the economic life of capital. Discussion then turns to policy shocks, which disrupt the steady state through separate changes in the rates of saving, progress, and population expansion. Simulations track the responses to those perturbations, disclosing the relationships of adjustment speed to the elasticity of substitution, embodiment rate, capital weight, and changed saving coefficient.     

增长“尾效”、要素贡献率及资源冗余——基于农业的分析

重点计算并分析了农业经济增长中资源消耗带来的增长"尾效",以及农业生产的各投入要素对农业经济增长的贡献率,并基于DEA方法计算了各资源的节约潜力。研究发现:由于土地资源、能源和水资源的增长"尾效"存在,因此每年农业经济增长速度会下降1.32%;资本对农业经济增长的贡献率最高,为76.86%,其次是土地资源和能源——分别为1.08%和1.01%,水资源的贡献率仅为0.07%;技术进步的贡献率为22.17%,劳动力的贡献率甚至为负(-1.19%)——这主要是因为农业部门存在大量的就业冗余;1983年以前,冗余量最高的是水资源,其次是土地,再次是劳动力和能源,之后各资源的利用效率大幅提高,但是2002年以后各资源的利用效率停滞不前。     

技术进步与中国经济增长质量分析(1978～2007)

利用中国1978~2007年的数据,运用增长核算方法分析了中国经济增长的源泉,着重从技术进步和全要素生产率变动角度分析了中国经济增长的质量。研究发现,中国经济增长主要来自要素投入增长;技术进步对中国经济增长的促进作用较小;全要素生产率年均增长率是2.57%,并在2000年以后增幅有所回落。     

Pandemic effects in the Solow growth model

We show how diseases can affect economic growth in a Solow growth model, with population growth and no technical progress, but modified to include a saving rate that depends on the individual health status. We successively insert this model into the SIS (susceptible–infected–susceptible) and SIR (susceptible–infected–recovered) models of disease spreading. In these two models, the spread of the infection proceeds according to the so-called basic reproductive number. This number determines in which of the two possible equilibria, the disease-free or the pandemic equilibrium, the economy ends. We show that output per capita is always lower in the pandemic steady state, which implies a contraction in the economy's production possibilities frontier.     

我国工业行业全要素生产率变动分析

基于2006—2009年我国工业行业的面板数据,采用非参数Malmquist指数分析法,对我国工业的全要素生产率变动情况进行了实证研究,并将其分解为技术进步、纯技术效率和规模效率。结果表明:2006—2009年我国工业全要素生产率年均增长率仅为4.3%,技术进步年均增长率为1.6%,技术效率年均增长率为2.7%,技术进步已失去其推动全要素生产率增长的主导性优势地位;我国工业发展需注重同时提高技术效率和技术进步水平,否则全要素生产率增长会受到限制。     

Labour and capital saving technical change in telecommunications

The Australian telecommunications sector is being improved and extended through substantial recent investment in intelligent technology such as digital switching, fibre optics, satellite and cellular transmission, and the Internet. These technologies are being progressively integrated with technology from the broadcasting, computer and electronics industries, providing a unified information infrastructure for information transmission and processing. Technological progress embodied in new equipment has the effect of increasing the efficiency of the factors of production. Such efficiency increases can be biased towards a particular factor. For instance, the impact of labour-augmenting technical change is a decline in the cost of labour per unit of production. When such biases are apparent the relativity between the costs of labour and capital per unit of production is changed. In the longer term, technical change can impact on the rate of employment growth and also on the rate of capital accumulation. In this study the Australian telecommunications cost structure is examined for the period 1919 to 1988. To measure labour saving and capital saving technical change a translog cost model is estimated. Multiproduct telecommunications cost studies typically employ the translog cost model (Evans and Heckman, 1984; Roöller, 1990a; 1990b; Shin and Ying, 1992; McKenzie and Small, 1997). The translog model places no a priori restrictions on substitution possibilities among the factors of production, and allows scale economies to vary with the level of output.     

山东省能源要素产出弹性、替代弹性的实证研究——基于超越对数生产函数的岭回归估计

构建了一个包含煤炭、石油、天然气和电力4种能源投入要素及时间趋势变量的超越对数生产函数,实证检验了1979—2009年山东省各能源要素的产出弹性、替代弹性及技术进步差异。结果表明:自改革开放以来,山东省的能源要素投入系统存在中性技术进步,技术进步率呈逐年递增趋势;山东省各能源要素的产出弹性逐年提高,按其均值由高到低排序依次是电力、石油、煤炭和天然气;1979—2009年期间煤炭与石油、煤炭与电力、石油与电力以及天然气与电力的替代弹性均大于1,石油与天然气的替代弹性虽然小于1,但自2000年后逐渐增大;山东省各能源要素的技术进步差异较小,按能源要素的技术进步率由高到低排序依次是煤炭、石油、电力和天然气。     

GAUGING THE SOURCES OF GROWTH OF HIGH‐TECH AND LOW‐TECH INDUSTRIES: THE CASE OF KOREAN MANUFACTURING*

Literature argues that the source of growth for high‐tech industries emanates from technological progress, while that for low‐tech industries comes from technical efficiency improvement. Also, some empirical studies have shown that technological progress is often accompanied by deterioration in technical efficiency. The focus in this study is to discuss a methodology and test the above two hypotheses with regard to Korean manufacturing data from 1970 to 1997. The study found that the 2.5 per cent average annual rate of technological progress during this period was the major contributor to total factor productivity (TFP) growth in Korean manufacturing whereas technical efficiency grew by a modest 1.1 per cent per annum. The analysis also showed that technological progress was responsible for TFP growth in both high‐tech and low‐tech industries and that both technological progress and technical efficiency improvement co‐existed in the case of Korean manufacturing industries.