迁移劳动力城乡收入预期的动态变迁及影响因素分析

本文利用武汉市迁移劳动力的调研数据,对农村迁移劳动力在城生活状况和城乡收入预期做了分析,并从微观经济学的角度出发,借助计量经济学工具,研究了在城就业状况和长期保障状况对迁移劳动力城乡收入预期的影响。研究发现,迁移劳动力的城乡收入预期水平受到个人特征、在外就业经历、将来打算和长期保障状况等多方面变量的显著影响,但不同年份间的影响机制存在差异,迁移劳动力的个人特征在2005年后对其农村收入预期有着更大的效用。接受过技能培训、挣钱后希望留城发展或者作为雇主的迁移劳动力对留城最低收入要求更高一些。随着在城就业时间的延长以及非农务工经验的积累,农村迁移劳动力会根据城乡劳动力市场供求关系的变化以及劳动力价格的波动而不断调整自己的城乡收入预期。     

人口迁移流动对城镇区域劳动力市场的影响

人口迁移流动对于城镇劳动力供给和区域劳动力市场一体化均有显著影响。农村迁移劳动力与城镇居民就业存在一定的替代关系,但对城镇劳动力就业冲击不大。城-城迁移人口对迁入地人口的失业率和劳动参与率均无明显影响。我国劳动力市场从计划经济时期的高度一体化逐步演变为省际之间的分割,再次走向大经济区之间的分割和区内的融合。这种融合是借助农民工的迁移流动来实现的,因而在本质上依旧是分割的。     

城市化进程中农村劳动力迁移意愿影响因素分析——基于吉林省松原市葛平村的实地调研

农村劳动力迁移是农村城市化的推动力量之一,研究其影响因素有助于加速农村城市化进程。文章以吉林省松原市葛平村为例,运用因子分析法对葛平村农村劳动力迁移意愿进行分析,找出了影响当地农村劳动力做出迁移意愿的主要因素,即对城市生活的预期是影响农村劳动力迁移意愿的主要因素。基于分析结果,提出政府可以在完善劳动力就业市场、解决农村社保问题以及改革农村迁移劳动力进城住房制度等方面做出努力,从而促使更多的农村劳动力迁移,推动农村城镇化进程。     

中国农村劳动力迁移意愿实证分析

以对农村已转移劳动力的调查资料为基础,对就地转移劳动力和异地转移劳动力的迁移意愿进行了统计分析,建立了关于农村劳动力迁移意愿的排序多元离散选择模型。对农村转移劳动力的个人特征和城市化迁移意愿二者之间的关系进行了分析,揭示出影响当前农村劳动力迁移意愿与迁移决策的人口特征因素,据此提出了一些有关政策建议。     

农村人力资本迁移的公共政策分析

加快农村劳动力向城市迁移以及城市化的进程，是当前政府的一项重要经济和社会政策。本文结合制度经济学、公共管理学等方面知识，从迁移的成本收益角度出发，对当前农村劳动力迁移方面的公共政策进行了分析，以期能够优化农村劳动力迁移的制度模式。     

新生代农村劳动力转移动因研究——1109份调查数据的实证分析

基于四川省1 109份问卷调查数据,利用二元Logistic回归模型对影响新生代农村劳动力转移决策的各因素进行实证分析。研究发现,收入预期因素和非收入预期因素共同促进了新生代农村劳动力城乡转移。纯粹的"经济理性"已无法全面表述新生代农村劳动力迁移时的复杂诉求,包括职业预期、情感预期和城市归属预期在内的非收入预期因素已成为影响新生代农村劳动力城乡转移决策的重要因素。为稳妥有序地推进劳动力转移进程,新生代农村劳动力的诉求变化应引起高度重视。     

劳动力跨地迁移、社会福利与产业振兴

文章在理论分析劳动力跨地迁移影响产业振兴的基础上，借助239个城市劳动力跨地迁移指数与2011—2020年中国产业面板数据展开实证分析，研究发现，劳动力跨地迁移显著推动国内产业振兴，主要是经由提振技术创新投入、助推技术创新外溢以及强化人力资本集聚三项路径实现。进一步研究发现，社会福利水平可以显著提升劳动力跨地迁移对国内产业振兴的积极影响效能。研究立足于人力资本与产业发展视域，明确劳动力跨地迁移与产业振兴的关系，并从劳动要素配置、社会制度保障视角为推动产业转型升级与高质量发展提供现实镜鉴。     

中国农村劳动力迁移影响因素研究——基于Probit模型的实证分析

农村劳动力迁移对于缩小城乡收入差距、促进中国经济增长具有非常重要的作用。本文通过中国健康与营养调查(CHNS)数据库的成人调查问卷2004和2006年的数据,采用probit模型定量分析了中国农村劳动力迁移的影响因素。本文的研究发现:婚姻状况、健康、娱乐偏好等变量对农村劳动力的迁移决策有比较显著的影响,而当前收入的影响并不明显。此外,家庭负担并不是迁移决策的影响因素,并且已婚女性劳动力倾向于和丈夫共同迁移,以上两个因素共同导致了农村的空巢老人问题。最后,促进农村劳动力迁移的最有效方法是提高农村劳动力的受教育水平,其中大学及大专学校教育最有效,其次是职业和技术学校教育。     

户籍对价、劳动力迁移与土地流转

土地流转的根本目的在于社会经济发展方式的转变,需要城市化的大力发展,劳动力迁移和土地流转是城市化发展的一个重要环节。然而,在中国目前的制度约束下,户籍制度成为劳动力迁移的退出和进入壁垒。户籍制度之所以成为城市化的一个障碍,就在于附着于其上的福利价值,所以,要消除这一障碍必须交换其福利价值。本文认为,在农村劳动力城市化迁移中,通过户籍对价来解决迁移劳动力的土地退出和城市安置,不仅能够鼓励劳动力迁移,而且也有利于土地流转。这是一种可行的户籍改革措施和城市化的发展策略。     

劳动力迁移、人力资本与农业技术进步分析

采用比较分析法和数据包络分析法（DEA）,分析了劳动力迁移、人力资本与农业技术进步之间的关系。认为劳动力迁移有利于劳动力人力资本水平的提高;农业技术效率在短期内受到物质资本投入、劳动力素质等因素的强性约束。长期来看,约束因子会不断放松;劳动力迁移对迁入地的农业技术进步是有贡献的。     

ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND THE SOCIAL WELFARE FUNCTION

In defining optimum population, economists have used two distinct concepts of the social welfare function: the Millian and the Benthamite. Although analytically the issue of the welfare impact of international migration is closely related to the concept of optimum population, the migration analysis has been based almost exclusively on the Benthamite welfare function. As its point of departure, the present note explores the implications of the alternative Millian welfare function for migration analysis.
An interesting aspect of the results derived from the present exercise is that they are in sharp contradiction with the results based on the Benthamite social welfare function. This highlights the sensitivity of the results to the welfare criteria used and the need for greater caution in policy formulation.     

Urban job creation and unemployment in LDCs: Todaro vs. Harris and Todaro

Overwhelming urban migration occurred so rapidly in many developing countries that widespread unemployment and squalid living conditions are commonplace. For many of these countries, stopping urban migration has become a major policy. Two models propose 2 different theories of urban unemployment. Todaro's short-term effects model concludes that job creation actually causes unemployment. Todaro and Harris formulated a long-term effects model in which welfare subsidies create more employment and stimulate the economy. A real solution to urban job creation would include optimal allocation of investment between the rural and labor sectors. A once and for all hiring tax would reduce replacement hiring. It is impossible to design an optimal tax subsidy package for urban unemployment unless it includes knowledge of the dynamic response of migration and unemployment to the rate of net and gross hiring of labor. If subsidy taxes are levied on the agricultural sector, the net result may be a higher rate of capital formation in the (low social return) manufacturing sector and a lower one in the agricultural sector.     

Permanence discounting for land-based carbon sequestration

One major concern regarding land-based carbon sequestration involves the issue of permanence. Sequestration may not last forever and may either be released in the future or require expenditures to maintain the practices that keep it sequestered. In this paper, we investigate the differential value of offsets in the face of impermanent characteristics by forming a price discount that equalizes the effective price per ton between a “perfect offset” and one possessing some with impermanent characteristics. We find this discount to be a function of the future needs to replace offsets (in the face of lease expiration quantity or volatilization upon activities such as timber harvest) and the magnitude of any needed maintenance costs. We investigate the magnitude of the discounts under alternative agricultural tillage and forest management cases. In those studies, we find that permanence discounts in the range of 50% are not uncommon. This means that in the market place an impermanent sequestration offset may only receive payments amounting to 50% of the market carbon price. Furthermore, we find that in the face of escalating carbon prices that offsets may prove to be worthless.     

Labor Mobility, Trade, and Social Capital

Labor market integration raises welfare in the absence of distortions. This paper examines labor and goods market integration in a general‐equilibrium model with social capital. The findings are: (i) labor market integration has an ambiguous impact on welfare, and raises it if the goods and labor skills are sufficiently different; (ii) compared to Pareto optimum, labor mobility (social capital) is excessively large (depleted); (iii) trade is superior to labor market integration if trading costs are no higher than private migration costs, otherwise the outcome is ambiguous; and (iv) the creation of new institutions in response to labor market integration has an ambiguous impact on welfare.     

延迟退休会提高社会福利水平吗?

文章基于延迟退休可能带来就业挤出和闲暇损失的现实背景,在动态一般均衡世代交叠模型框架下通过引入异质性消费者并根据中国经济校准主要参数,在控制延迟退休对中国劳动力市场冲击影响的基础上,模拟分析了延迟退休政策对企业职工福利水平的长期影响。研究分析表明：(1)无论是采用保持现有的缴费率不变的政策方式还是保持养老金待遇不变的政策方式,延迟退休均能提高城镇企业职工的社会福利水平———第一种政策会增加社会福利3.66%,第二种政策会增加社会福利1.1%;在保持养老保险缴费率不变的情况下,从长期看,延迟退休5年会使社会福利最大化。(2)最优的退休年龄与劳动力市场状态息息相关,如果当前就业形势严峻,最优退休年龄需要相应降低。     

A THEORY OF MIGRATION AS A RESPONSE TO OCCUPATIONAL STIGMA*

A theory is developed of labor migration that is prompted by a desire to avoid “social humiliation.” In a general‐equilibrium framework, it is shown that as long as migration can reduce humiliation sufficiently, migration will occur even between two identical economies. Migration increases the number of individuals who choose to perform degrading jobs and consequently, migration lowers the price of the good produced in the sector that is associated with low social status. Moreover, the greater an individual's aversion to performing degrading jobs, the more likely it is that he will experience a welfare gain when the economy opens up.     

Migration Effects of Welfare Benefit Reform

This study tests for a migration response to the implementation of stricter rules for receiving welfare benefits (means-tested social assistance for individuals who lack sufficient work-related income), in the form of mandatory participation in activation programmes in Stockholm town districts. The results give no indications that activation programmes affect the moving choices of recipients of welfare benefits.     

EU Enlargement, Migration and the New Constitution

The paper deals with the effects of migration resulting fromEU Eastern enlargement on the welfare states of Western Europe.Although migration is good in principle, as it yields gainsfrom trade and specialization for all countries involved, itdoes so only if it meets with flexible labour markets and ifit is not artificially induced by gifts of the welfare state.This is not the present state of affairs in Western Europe.In addition to measures that make labour markets more flexible,the introduction of delayed integration of working migrantsand the home country principle for nonworking migrants is arational reaction of the state. The proposed new EU constitution,which contains far-reaching rules for a European social union,should be amended accordingly. (JEL E2, F2, H0, J3, J6)     

A Theory of Migration as a Response to Relative Deprivation

We model migration as a response to relative deprivation. We present a specific configuration of incomes in which the process of migration in response to relative deprivation reaches a steady state. However, for the general configuration of incomes we show that it is impossible to prove the existence of a steady state. We study the social welfare implications of the two cases and show that if individuals are left to pursue their betterment, the resulting state falls short of the best social outcome. We present several implications of the model including federalism and the demand for secession.     

Welfare-Induced Migration at State Borders: New Evidence from Micro-Data

This paper extends and synthesizes the various approaches used in the recent welfare migration literature to both offer the most comprehensive set of tests to date for welfare migration and to also determine the relative importance of short-distance moves in welfare migration flows. The current study follows on the finding of McKinnish (2005) of welfare migration effects obtained by comparing welfare participation at state borders to state interiors. This identification strategy is extended to micro-data from the 1980 and 1990 Decennial Censuses and combined with the demographic comparisons used elsewhere in the welfare migration literature. The signs and patterns of the estimates are consistent with the presence of welfare migration effects, and the magnitudes of the estimates are consistent with the importance of short-distance moves in welfare-induced migration flows, but most of the estimates are not statistically significant.