人民币汇率对东盟国家影响的结构路径分析

文章选取1998年1月至2014年9月的月度数据,采用结构方程模型分析研究人民币汇率对东盟国家汇率影响的结构路径。研究发现:人民币汇率对东盟国家的影响路径呈现出滞后或者即期的联动特征,各国传导路径有所差异;人民币汇率对东盟国家汇率单向影响作用的直接效应大于间接效应,传导以直接效应为主、间接效应为辅的方式进行;国家之间汇率双向影响的直接效应和方向有较大异质性;除印度尼西亚外,人民币汇率对目标国家汇率传导的总效应值为正,即人民币汇率升值和贬值波动与东盟主要国家汇率具有同向联动现象,这种汇率联动性特征可能是参考货币篮子中高比例美元的结果,同时也说明中国与东盟国家金融存在协整基础,具备货币金融合作的基础。     

汇改重在汇制不在汇率

7月21日，央行发布公告：自2005年7月21日起，我国开始实行以市场供求为基础、参考一篮子货币进行调节、有管理的浮动汇率制度。人民币汇率不再盯住单一美元，形成更富弹性的人民币汇率机制。同时，央行还决定，7月21日19时，美元对人民币交易价格调整为1美元兑8．11元人民币。     

浅析人民币汇率制度改革

2005年7月21日,中国人民银行宣布对人民币汇率形成机制实施改革,开始实行以市场供求为基础、参考一篮子货币进行调节、有管理的浮动汇率制度,人民币对美元升值2%.这次改革的内容是:人民币汇率不再盯住单一美元,而是按照我国对外经济发展的实际情况,选择若干种主要货币,赋予相应的权重,组成一个货币篮子.同时,根据国内外经济金融形势,以市场供求为基础,参考一篮子货币计算人民币多边汇率指数的变化,对人民币汇率进行管理和调节,据此形成更富弹性的、有管理的浮动汇率.笔者结合克鲁格曼的"三元悖论",对本次汇率制度改革进行浅析.     

新汇率政策的长期影响

中国人民银行于7月21日宣布，将以市场需求为基础的有管理的浮动汇率制度，取代自1997年起实行的实际盯住美元的汇率制度。新制度将参考一篮子货币来确定汇率水平。在一篮子货币中．主导货币包括美元、欧元、日元和韩元．但它们的权重并没有对外公布。中央银行还将人民币对美元汇率调整为一美元兑8．11元人民币．比调整前升值了2．1％。     

新的人民币汇率形成机制下商业银行汇率风险研究

自2005年7月21日起，我国开始实行以市场供求为基础、参考一篮子货币进行调节、有管理的浮动汇率制度，人民币汇率不再单一盯住美元，而是形成更富弹性的人民币汇率机制，人民币汇率的弹性和灵活性大大增强。而后，通过增加外汇市场主体、引进做市商制度、提供远期和调期等规避汇率风险的工具等一系列措施，人民币汇率形成机制不断完善，外汇市场对外汇资源的配置开始发挥一定的作用。人民币汇率实现了有升有降的小幅双向波动，总体上呈升值态势。总体看，汇率形成机制改革的平稳实施，为人民币汇率形成机制的进一步完善和人民币汇率向合理、均衡水平过渡奠定了基础。     

2005—2009年人民币汇率走势分析

2005年7月21日，我国开始实行以市场供求为基础、参考一篮子货币进行调节、有管理的浮动汇率制度，人民币升值预期兑现，1美元兑人民币从8．28逐渐突破至80关口。人民币汇率不再盯住单一美元，形成更富弹性的人民币汇率机制。因此本文研究从2005年开始的人民币汇率的走势，主要运用国际收支说理论并结合中国与美国的实际经济情况研究分析人民币汇率升值的深层次原因，希望能为我国制定相关宏观经济政策提供依据。     

人民币汇率升值对企业财务管理的影响及对策分析

自2005年7月21日后,人民币汇率开始实行以市场为基础的汇率制度,参考一篮子货币进行调节、有管理的浮动汇率制度,不再盯住单一美元,在保持人民币汇率在合理、均衡水平上的基本稳定上形成更富弹性的人民币汇率机制.从2005年7月21日人民币兑换美元比1:8.2765到2010年10月11日的1:6.7055,6年间人民币对美元累计升值已超20%,在此市场大环境下,对企业财务管理有哪些影响以及如何化解汇率风险是本文讨论的主题.     

新的人民市汇率形成机制下商业银行汇率风险研究

自2005年7月21日起,我国开始实行以市场供求为基础、参考一篮子货币进行调节、有管理的浮动汇率制度,人民币汇率不再单一盯住美元,而是形成更富弹性的人民币汇率机制,人民币汇率的弹性和灵活性大大增强.而后,通过增加外汇市场主体、引进做市商制度、提供远期和调期等规避汇率风险的工具等一系列措施,人民币汇率形成机制不断完善,外汇市场对外汇资源的配置开始发挥一定的作用.人民币汇率实现了有升有降的小幅双向波动,总体上呈升值态势.总体看,汇率形成机制改革的平稳实施,为人民币汇率形成机制的进一步完善和人民币汇率向合理、均衡水平过渡奠定了基础.     

人民币汇率制度须变革

随着美元对欧元和其他主要工业国家货币的汇率持续下跌,由于人民币与美元挂钩,其汇率再一次成为了全球瞩目的焦点.世界上许多经济学家和政府决策者纷纷呼吁中国对人民币重估使其升值.     

对人民币汇率冲击持续性效应的实证研究——基于GPH法和HD法的分析

文章分别采用HD法和GPH法对2005年8月1日至2009年12月31日的十种货币兑人民币汇率日交易数据进行研究,对其长期记忆参数d进行估算,结果发现：人民币汇率不服从经典的有效市场假设;人民币汇率存在明显的分形特征,其中,美元、日元、港币、韩元、欧元、新元、林吉特和卢布等八种货币兑人民币汇率均表现出显著的长期记忆性,英镑和澳元体现为短期记忆性。在此基础上,文章对我国外汇市场干预的必要性进行了思考并提出了相应的政策建议。     

Exchange Rate Economics

The paper summarizes the current theory of how a floating exchange rate is determined, dividing the subject into what determines the steady state and what determines the transition to steady state. The inadequacies of this model are examined, and an alternative “behavioral” model, which recognizes that the foreign exchange market is populated by both fundamentalists and chartists is presented. It is argued that the main importance of understanding the foreign exchange market for development strategy is to permit a correct appraisal of the dangers of Dutch disease. Empirically it seems that from the standpoint of promoting development it is preferable to have a mildly undervalued rate. The paper concludes by examining implications for exchange rate regimes.

中国的利率和汇率问题

2005年全球经济面临失衡,一方面是美国巨额的贸易赤字,一方面是发展中国家积累了大量的贸易顺差,尤其是中国持续的双顺差.全球经济失衡,中国经济也不平衡,那么中国自身不平衡的问题到底在哪里?宏观经济政策,尤其是利率、汇率政策该如何尽可能化解失衡带来的风险?     

汇率波动、汇率传递与贸易条件

本币升值一定会改善贸易条件吗?文章基于汇率传递的视角,构建汇率波动与贸易条件的理论模型,从理论上论证了本币升值改善贸易条件的机制和条件;并运用MS-VAR模型对中国2005年1月至2014年11月的月度数据进行实证分析。研究结果表明,在不同区制下人民币实际有效汇率指数波动对贸易条件影响的方向和大小呈现明显的非对称性。进一步的非线性Granger因果关系检验发现,仅存在由人民币实际有效汇率指数到贸易条件的单向因果关系。     

Vertical Trade,Exchange Rate Pass-Through,and the Exchange Rate Regime

We compare the welfare of different combinations of monetary and currency policies in an open-economy macroeconomic model that incorporates two important features of many small open economies: a high level of vertical international trade and a high degree of exchange rate pass-through. In this environment, a small economy prefers a fixed exchange rate regime over a flexible regime, while the larger economy prefers a flexible exchange rate regime. There are two main causes underlying our results. First, in the presence of sticky prices, relative prices adjust through changes in the exchange rate. Multiple stages of production and trade make it more difficult for one exchange rate to balance the whole economy by adjusting several relative prices simultaneously throughout the vertical chain of production and trade. More specifically, there is a tradeoff between delivering an efficient relative price between home and foreign final goods and delivering an efficient relative price between home and foreign intermediate goods. Second, because the small economy faces a high degree of exchange rate pass-through under a flexible regime, it suffers from a lack of efficient relative prices in vertical trade. The larger economy, however, does not face this problem because its level of exchange rate pass-through is low.     

“三元悖论”与人民币汇率制度选择

“三元悖论”从宏观上揭示货币政策独立性、汇率稳定、资本自由流动三大金融目标之间的相互制衡关系, 是汇率制度选择问题的一个基本理论分析工具。我国现行的汇率制度实质上是钉住美元的固定汇率制,在金融进一步开放的背景下,其弊端日益凸现,改革现行的汇率制度势在必行。我国现实经济条件决定了我国汇率制度改革的近期目标只能是建立汇率目标区,长期目标则是建立浮动汇率制。     

Export Promotion through Exchange Rate Changes: Exchange Rate Depreciation or Stabilization?

Exchange rate movements affect exports in two ways—rate depreciation and rate variability (risk). A depreciation raises exports, but the associated exchange rate risk could offset that positive effect. The present paper investigates the net effect for eight Asian countries using a dynamic conditional correlation bivariate GARCH-M model that simultaneously estimates time-varying correlation and exchange rate risk. Depreciation encourages exports, as expected, for most countries, but its contribution to export growth is weak. Exchange rate risk contributes to export growth in Malaysia and the Philippines, leading to positive net effects. Exchange rate risk generates a negative effect for six of the countries, resulting in a negative net effect in Indonesia, Japan, Singapore, and Taiwan and a zero net effect in Korea and Thailand.     

Reexamining the Exchange Rate Exposure Puzzle by Classifying Exchange Rate Risks into Two Types

The “exchange rate exposure puzzle” refers to the phenomenon in which the proportion of firms with significant exchange rate exposure tends to be lower than expected figures. Some studies use changes in exchange rate to indicate exchange rate risks relevant to firm value. However, a different measure of exchange rate risks, which is the volatility in exchange rate changes, can also affect the value of firms because exchange rate uncertainty can affect international trade and investments of firms. This study classifies exchange rate risks into two types, namely, changes in exchange rate and the standard deviation of exchange rate changes, and empirically examines exchange rate exposure of firms in 12 countries. The results suggest that the proportion of firms with significant exchange rate exposure increases substantially, and thus, weakens the exchange rate exposure puzzle when we also count the cases in which the standard deviation of exchange rate changes affects stock return significantly.     

人民币汇率制度改革对东亚国家汇率制度博弈格局的影响分析

人民币汇率制度正朝着更加灵活的方向上发展，这不可避免地将对东亚集体钉住美元的汇率制度产生破解作用。因为人民币在东亚汇率稳定中作用日益加强，人民币汇率制度改革的方向对东亚其他各国汇率制度改革有着重大的追随效应。     

The Behavior of the Real Exchange Rate Under Fixed and Floating Exchange Rate Regimes

This article investigates the behavior of real exchange rates under fixed and flexible exchange rates. Using data from both the Bretton Woods and the modern floating periods, we decompose real exchange rate movements into components attributable to supply shocks, real demand shocks, monetary shocks, capital flows shocks, and real oil price shocks. Empirical results show that real demand shocks are an important source of real exchange rate movements under both fixed and flexible rates, while monetary shocks are negligible. Supply and oil price shocks seem to be more important under Bretton Woods, while capital flows shocks seem to explain a relatively higher proportion of real exchange rate movements under the modern floating period.     

Estimating Korea's Exchange Rate Exposure

This paper conducts an empirical analysis of the exchange rate exposure of 392 Korean firms by employing not only changes in the exchange rate but also the standard deviation of exchange rates as foreign exchange risk. A logit model is also used to identify the major factors in exchange rate exposure. The empirical results in the case of using the standard deviation of exchange rates suggest that: the number of firms showing significant exchange rate exposure has been relatively increasing; exchange rate exposure is more likely for export‐oriented manufacturing industries than for nonmanufacturing industries; and large firms using hedging methods are likely to show a low degree of exchange rate exposure.