跨地上市公司具有较低的权益资本成本吗?——基于“法与金融”的视角

根据法与金融理论,严格的投资者保护制度有助于降低公司的权益资本成本,本文以赴中国香港跨地上市后返回中国大陆发行A股的公司为研究对象,检验其是否因受制于更为严格的投资者保护制度而具有较低的权益资本成本。研究结果表明,在A股市场上,赴港跨地上市公司比其他公司的权益资本成本更低,跨地上市对权益资本成本具有降低作用,且这种降低作用与香港较为严格的投资者保护制度有关。     

Fuzzy Financial Pricing of Property-Liability Insurance

Abstract

This paper uses fuzzy set theory (FST) to solve a problem in actuarial science, the financial pricing of property-liability insurance contracts. The fundamental concept of FST is the alternative formalization of membership in a set to include the degree or strength of membership. FST provides consistent mathematical rules for incorporating vague, subjective, or judgmental information into complex decision processes. It is potentially important in insurance pricing because much of the information about cash flows, future economic conditions, risk premiums, and other factors affecting the pricing decision is subjective and thus difficult to quantify by using conventional methods. To illustrate the use of FST, we “fuzzify” a well-known insurance financial pricing model, provide numerical examples of fuzzy pricing, and propose rules for project decision-making using FST. The results indicate that FST can lead to significantly different decisions than the conventional approach.     

The Determination of Fair Profits for the Property-Liability Insurance Firm

Single period and dynamic valuation models in continuous time, under certainty and uncertainty, are developed for a property-liability insurance contract to determine the “fair” (competitive) premium and underwriting profit. The intertemporal stochastic model assumes that the claim frequency and the price index of claim settlements are functions of a set of underlying state variables which follow a multivariate Wiener process. The competitive premium is shown to be proportional to the claim frequency and the price index for claim settlements at the time the policy is issued. The factor of proportionality varies directly with the claim settlement rate and the length of coverage, and inversely with the risk-adjusted real interest rate on the dollar-valued claim rate.     

Political Cost Incentives for Managing the Property-Liability Insurer Loss Reserve

This paper examines the effect of rate regulation on the management of the property-liability insurer loss reserve. The political cost hypothesis predicts that managers make accounting choices to reduce wealth transfers resulting from the regulatory process. Managers may under-state reserves to justify lower rates to regulators. Alternatively, managers may have an incentive to report loss inflating discretionary reserves to reduce the cost of regulatory rate suppression. We find insurers over-state reserves in the presence of stringent rate regulation. Investigating the impact along the conditional reserve error distribution, we discover that a majority of the response occurs from under-reserving firms under-reserving less because of stringent rate regulation.     

Capitalization of the Property-Liability Insurance Industry: Overview

The 1990s witnessed an unprecedented decline in leverage ratios in the United States property-liability insurance industry. The premiums-to-surplus ratio, the most commonly used leverage ratio in the industry, fell from its historical average of 2.0 to less than 1.0 by the end of 2000; and the industry-wide capital-to-asset ratio increased from an historical average of about 25% to 35%. The international reinsurance industry also experienced significant capital increases and leverage declines during the 1990s (Cummins and Weiss, 2000).¹ These unusual trends raised widespread concerns that the property-liability insurance industry had become over-capitalized (The Economist, 1999; Bowers, 2001; Seifert, 2001). To investigate the growth in capitalization and its potential causes, the Conference on Capitalization in the Property-Liability Insurance Industry was held at the Wharton School in September 2000 under the joint sponsorship of the Wharton Financial Institutions Center and AON. Selected papers from the conference comprise this issue of the Journal of Financial Services Research (JFSR).     

降低保险公司营业费用的途径选择

营业费用居高不下是困扰我国寿险业发展的问题之一。寿险营业费用是保险费的重要组成部分 ,在保费的三大决定因素中是保险公司自身最可控的一个因素。本文从分析组成营业费用的三大费用即新合同费、合同维持费、收费费用出发 ,通过研究其各自对保费影响的权重 ,得出结论 :从降低合同维持费的途径来降低营业费用从而达至降低保险费的目的是最经济的。要降低合同维持费用 ,必须提高管理效率 ,改善IT系统 ,实现可持续开发     

上市公司股权资本成本影响因素分析——以河南省9家公司为例

以河南省9家上市公司的具体情况为例,在MM模型与资本资产定价模型的基础上,对影响股权资本成本的各种因素进行理论研究;并通过建立回归模型,进行单因素与多因素分析,研究哪些因素对股权资本成本的影响较为稳定与深远。具体来说,主要包括三个方面的内容:一是分析研究河南省上市公司资本成本的现状;二是对各影响因素归类,并进行理论与实证分析;三是在研究结论的基础上,从降低企业股权资本成本的角度出发,提出如下相应对策:扩大公司规模、降低企业风险、提高股票流动性与经营能力等,以降低股票资本成本。     

我国上市公司资本结构影响股权代理成本的实证分析

公司资本结构是公司治理结构的重要方面,它对公司代理成本有着直接的影响。本文对1990—2003年上市公司资本结构影响股权代理成本的实证分析表明,经营者持股比例与股权代理成本呈显著负相关;负债融资比例、法人股比例和第一大股东持股比例与股权代理成本呈不显著负相关;国家股比例和流通股比例与股权代理成本呈较显著正相关。这些研究结论表明,资本结构对股东、经营者和债权人之间的契约关系有着直接的影响,完善资本结构是完善我国上市公司治理结构从而降低代理成本的重要途径之一。     

Optimal Capital Utilization by Financial Firms: Evidence from the Property-Liability Insurance Industry

Capitalization levels in the property-liability insurance industry have increased dramatically in recent years—the capital-to-assets ratio rose from 25% in 1989 to 35% by 1999. This paper investigates the use of capital by insurers to provide evidence on whether the capital increase represents a legitimate response to changing market conditions or a true inefficiency that leads to performance penalties for insurers. We estimate best practice technical, cost, and revenue frontiers for a sample of insurers over the period 1993–1998, using data envelopment analysis, a non-parametric technique. The results indicate that most insurers significantly over-utilized equity capital during the sample period. Regression analysis provides evidence that capital over-utilization primarily represents an inefficiency for which insurers incur significant revenue penalties.     

Using a Modified DuPont System of Analysis for Understanding Property-Liability Insurance Company Financial Performance

ABSTRACT: The DuPont system of equations has been used for many years when performing financial analysis on corporate financial statements. It has not been used, however, for analyzing property-liability insurance company performance. This article shows that, with minor modifications, the DuPont system can be applied to the analysis of property-liability insurance companies. It aids in understanding the relationship between underwriting operations and investment results and illuminates the role played by the interaction of assets, premiums, and surplus. The author hopes that the modified DuPont system presented in the article can become a standard for performing financial analysis of property-liability insurance companies.     

Evaluating Liquidation Strategies for Insurance Companies

In this article, we examine liquidation strategies and asset allocation decisions for property and casualty insurance companies for different insurance product lines. We propose a cash‐flow‐based liquidation model of an insurance company and analyze selling strategies for a portfolio with liquid and illiquid assets. Within this framework, we study the influence of different bid‐ask spread models on the minimum capital requirement and determine a solution set consisting of an optimal initial asset allocation and an optimal liquidation strategy. We show that the initial asset allocation, in conjunction with the appropriate liquidation strategy, is an important tool in minimizing the capital committed to cover claims for a predetermined ruin probability. This interdependence is of importance to insurance companies, stakeholders, and regulators.     

我国上市公司股权集中度影响因素分析

股权集中度的高低决定了公司代理问题的本质，因此确定合理的股权集中度有助于降低代理成本，提高企业价值，所以逻辑研究的前提是首先要了解影响股权集中度的相关因素。本文对我国上市公司股权集中度影响因素的实证分析结果表明，终极控制人性质、控股大股东性质、控制层级、地区市场化程度以及上市公司业绩、规模、风险、负债率高低及所属行业情况是影响股权集中度的主要因素。     

管理层语调与权益资本成本——基于创业板上市公司业绩说明会的经验证据

管理层语调是否可以改善信息环境,保护投资者利益,提高资本市场资源配置效率是最近会计学、财务学和经济学领域研究的焦点问题之一。本文以2010-2015年创业板上市公司为样本,从文本信息视角实证检验管理层语调如何影响资本市场的定价效率,研究发现管理层语调具有定价功能,提高管理层净积极语调比例,能够降低权益资本成本;进一步发现会计信息质量越高,管理层语调的定价效率越显著;最后发现当管理层有动机操纵语调信息时,比如企业大股东减持、增持或者增发股票时,管理层语调与权益资本成本之间的关系显著弱化。该结论为完善上市公司的管理层语调行为、改善资本市场信息环境、提高资本市场资源配置效率提供经验证据、理论支持和政策建议。     

试论保险代位求偿原则的公平性问题

代位求偿原则是保险的基本原则之一。保险代位求偿权是保险领域,尤其是财产保险领域的一项非常重要的法律制度。它是指保险人对负有责任的第三人而非被保险人享有的法定的、债权性的、从属性的权利,既是保护被保险人合法权益的重要手段。也是产险公司维护自身合法权益的法律武器。本文从代位求偿原则的定义、法理基础入手．探讨了保险人、被保险人以及负有赔偿责任的第三者在运用代位求偿原则时遇到的困扰,并因此对代位求偿的公平性提出了质疑。得出的结论是：代位求偿原则只有在降低了精算费率的特定险种中运用时才显示其公平性。     

媒体报道对权益成本和债务成本的影响及其差异——来自中国上市公司的经验证据

近年来,媒体的公司治理作用引起了越来越多的研究关注。本文以资本成本为着眼点,利用中国沪深A股上市公司2006-2008年的面板数据实证分析了媒体报道水平对降低公司权益成本和债务成本的积极作用。研究结果发现,媒体报道能够显著降低中国上市公司的权益成本和债务成本,即上市公司受到媒体的报道越多,其股权融资或债务融资所需支付的成本就越低。而且,本文进一步发现,媒体报道对上市公司权益成本的影响要显著大于对债务成本的影响。     

贸易摩擦与权益资本成本

贸易摩擦为中国出口企业带来了极大的挑战,特别是美国对华"301调查"以来,中国企业所处的国际贸易环境愈加严峻复杂.在此背景下,考察贸易摩擦对企业的影响,以及企业如何采取防范措施具有重要的战略意义.本文以2008-2017年A股制造业上市公司为样本,探讨贸易摩擦对企业权益资本成本的影响.研究发现,贸易摩擦显著提高了权益资本成本,而降低企业经营风险和提高会计信息质量均能有效抑制贸易摩擦所带来的不利影响.进一步地,本文从业务层面和公司治理层面探究了企业防范、缓解贸易摩擦的有效措施.本文从微观视角提供了贸易摩擦经济后果的证据,厘清了宏观环境变化对权益资本成本的作用机理,为贸易摩擦背景下企业如何降低融资成本提供了经验证据.     

车险费率市场化及国内财险公司的应对策略

＂十二五＂时期车险费率市场化改革可能在全国范围内推行,这将会对整个车险市场产生深远影响。国内财险公司应积极把握车险费率市场化政策机遇,采取创新产品服务、拓宽销售渠道、控制费用以及互利合作等策略,避免单纯的价格竞争,促进我国车险市场的健康有序发展。     

Estimating the Equity Risk Premium Using Accounting Fundamentals

This study uses recent developments in the theoretical modelling of the links between unrecorded accounting goodwill, accounting profitability and the cost of equity, together with Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) betas, to estimate the ex-ante equity risk premium in the UK. The results suggest that, over our sample period from 1968 to 1995, the premium has been in the region of 5%. Our estimate lends support to the view that the ex-ante equity risk premium is substantially less than the historical average of the excess of equity returns over the risk-free rate, and is similar to the rates applied recently by UK competition regulators.     

Analyst Earnings Forecasts for Publicly Traded Insurance Companies

Several trends in the insurance and financial services industry, including demutualizationconsolidation, and deregulation, have attracted increasing attention from investors and financial analysts. This paper investigates the accuracy of the earnings forecasts of financial analysts for insurance companies. Our empirical results indicate that analyst forecasts outperform random walk time-series forecasts. Furthermore, we find that both disagreement over earnings forecasts among analysts and the relative forecasting error in the mean forecasts is smaller for life insurers than for property-casualty insurers, whereas the relative errors for forecasts for multiple-line insurers are in between the two. Forecasting error is a negative function of firm size and the number of analysts who are following a company, and is a positive function of the disagreement among analysts.Analyst forecasts have a timing advantage over the random walk model. Our results also suggest that the fair value reporting requirement (SFAS 115), which has been in effect since 1994, has enhanced the accuracy of analyst forecasts. The SFAS 115 has improved the superiority of analyst forecasts over the random walk forecasts for life insurers, but not for property-casualty insurers, and there is a weak improvement for multiple-line insurers. JEL Classification: G15