贫困山区新型农村合作医疗长效筹资机制创新探析——以青海省为例

新型农村合作医疗筹资是新型农村合作医疗制度运行的关键。构建贫困山区因地制宜的长效筹资机制有利于贫困山区新型农村合作医疗制度的可持续运行。通过对青海省都兰县新型农村合作医疗筹资机制的考察分析,提出了贫困山区新型农村合作医疗长效筹资机制创新的启示与建议。     

青岛市城乡居民基本医疗保险体系整合的可行性分析

中央政策支持、地方试点成功试水、总体卫生医疗服务资源富余都为城乡基本医疗保险体系的合并打下了基础。城镇居民医疗保险和新型农村合作医疗制度在整合过程中面临现行社保运营体系的差异、立法支持力度等方面的阻碍因素,本文着重从财政和政策的角度分析了二者整合的可行性。     

湘中南地区新农合制度问题研究

为了更深入的了解实施医疗制度改革以来,作为国家一项重要的医疗改革制度——新型合作医疗制度对农村医疗卫生服务各方面的影响。通过对湘中南地区四县的新型农村合作医疗制度的相关调查,了解该地区的新农合运行情况,并通过发现其中其存在着一些问题,最后提出相关建议。     

新型农村合作医疗制度的完善对策

新型农村合作医疗制度是构建城乡一体化基本医疗保险的一个过渡阶段,需要不断地探索和完善。文章以医药价格为重心,研究新型农村合作医疗制度缺陷,在微观分析中发现问题和对策。研究结果具有一定的理论和实用价值。     

江苏完善覆盖全民医保制度问题研究

随着2007年7月24日《国务院关于开展城镇居民基本医疗保险试点的指导意见》的出台,江苏率先在全省建立了以城镇职工医疗保险制度、新型农村合作医疗保险制度、城镇居民医疗保险制度为主的三种基本医疗制度共存的局面,旨在人人享有基本医疗保险。新的医保体系经过半年多的运行,出现了许多新情况、新问题。如何从实现社会公平和提高公共管理效率出发,整合多种医疗保障制度,建立覆盖城乡全体居民的多层次全民医疗保险制度已成为大势所趋。     

我国新型农村金融机构存在的问题及对策分析

我国的新型农村金融机构自成立和运行以来,取得了一定的成绩,但也存在着若干问题亟待解决。本文分析了新型农村金融机构运行中存在的问题,并提出改进现状的相关建议,以更好地发挥新型农村金融机构在新农村建设中的作用。     

民生热点

今年启动城镇居民基本医疗保险试点温家宝总理在十届全国人大五次会议上作政府工作报告中提出城乡居民的基本卫生保健制度,重点抓好四件事:一是积极推行新型农村合作医疗制度。试点范围扩大到全国80％以上的县(市、区),有条件的地方还可以搞得更快一些。中央财政安排补助资金101亿元,比去年增加58亿元。     

县级新型农村合作医疗制度面临的问题与对策

随着新型农村合作医疗制度在自治区的展开和深入,旗县农牧民的医疗水平以及区域内医疗机构发展都取得了巨大的进步。但是在发展中也出现了一些问题,比如基金征集,转诊的报销,新农合评估,商业保险衔接,网络对接等。只有有效的集合力量加大基金的征缴力度,出台详细的转诊以及报销细则,衔接商业保险以及对新农合进行有效的评估,促进网络对接,才可以解决目前新农合存在的问题,使其走上发展的快车道。     

差异化治理服务现代农业

正农村土地流转加快了农业产业化、商业化的进程,同时在国家新农村建设及城镇化政策推动下,现代农业综合开发区、家庭农场、农村合作社等新型农村经济体已初步形成。在安徽省繁昌县,土地流转面积已达8.47万亩,约占总有效耕地面积的54%。已有319家新型农村经济体,主要以播种季节性水稻、小麦等农作物为主,部分专业大户经营规模较大,通过大面积承包,实现播种、脱粒、加工和销售等综     

强化社会保障落实惠民政策的几点思考

近年来，我国推行了一系列惠农、惠民政策，为年满60岁的农村老人办理农村养老保险，使他们也可以拿到养老金。在城镇，为广大百姓办理合作医疗，使他们在县城住院可以报销60％以上的医药费，解决了看病难的问题，这些惠民政策的推出，使广大群众得到了前所未有的“实惠”。正如习近平同志说的那样，人人享有出彩的机会。     

Cooperatives in Bolivia: Customer ownership of the local loop

Cooperatives have been used by the inhabitants in rural areas to gain access to telecommunications. In Bolivia and Finland, for example, consumer cooperatives have been for many years the only mechanism to provide local telecommunication services to the whole country. This paper studies the effects of the Bolivian market's structure on the development of competition as well as on universal access and service policies. It argues that some cooperatives after the liberalisation of the market are not helping to develop competition. Cooperatives may have incentives to increase the interconnection charges that they receive from long distance firms to cross-subsidise the prices of local calls. Moreover, as some cooperatives have entered the long distance market, they may try to restrict competition through collusive agreements. Finally, the paper suggests that the excessive price of the cooperatives’ shares may have damaged the possibility of reaching a higher penetration level and greater coverage in rural areas.     

Broadband and universal service

Section 254(b)(3) of the 1996 Telecommunications Act established the objective that residents of rural areas should have access to advanced telecommunications and information services comparable to services in urban areas. Pursuant to the passage of the Act, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) established a new universal fund that provides explicit support to high-cost rural areas. This paper addresses the question of whether people in rural areas have similar access due to the support provided through the Commission's new high-cost fund. This paper focuses on the telephone platform because cable companies often do not serve rural areas due to the high cost of service, and because there is no mechanism for the federal or state government to subsidize the provision of advanced telecommunications services via cable. The Act's objectives are apparently not being met in rural areas served by large companies since people living in these areas are much less likely to have qualified lines that could be used to access advanced telecommunications services. On the other hand, small companies are much closer to satisfying the statutory requirement as a result of the implicit support received through cost sharing.     

Nonfarm income diversification and household livelihood strategies in rural Africa: concepts,dynamics, and policy implications

Asset, activity and income diversification lie at the heart of livelihood strategies in rural Africa. This paper introduces a special issue on the topic “Income Diversification and Livelihoods in Rural Africa: Cause and Consequence of Change.” We concentrate on core conceptual issues that bedevil the literature on rural income diversification and the policy implications of the empirical evidence presented in this special issue.     

Household food security in semi-arid Africa—the contribution of participatory adaptive research and development to rural livelihoods in Eastern Kenya

The already precarious household food-security situation in many semi-arid areas of Africa may be rendered more so through the implementation of structural adjustment programmes that frequently prescribe austerity measures, along with a safety net to protect the vulnerable. However, longer-term development policy perspectives on the one hand, and shorter-term food-relief considerations on the other, often conflict. This paper illuminates the policy conflicts which arise when local-level research and development initiatives interface with the effects of macro-policy-initiated changes and safety-net interventions. Using a participatory agricultural research project in Eastern Kenya as a case study, the paper describes specific household food-security problem diagnosis and a range of research interventions planned within a more sustainable rural livelihoods framework. Working with local farmers, the project implemented a range of applied research and linked development interventions that showed promise in easing food security through a broadening of the livelihood base. Some of these initiatives were carried further through the local farmers' own initiative. The conclusion is that semi-arid areas, despite views that see these as low-potential and obvious safety-net candidates, often have potential for agricultural intensification and increased productivity. However, to ensure that research results are utilised and farmers have access to new technology and markets, there is a need for external or public-sector support to integrated longer-term development initiatives. This may require rethinking the scope of research and development approaches, particularly removing unhelpful boundaries between research, extension and development functions, and increasing farmer participation in the whole process—if possible as part of a less centralised and more household-oriented approach to food-security policy and strategy.     

Income diversification,poverty traps and policy shocks in Côte d’Ivoire and Kenya

This paper presents evidence on the effects of two different sorts of policy shocks on observed income diversification patterns in rural Africa. In Côte d’Ivoire, households with poor endowments were less able to respond to attractive emerging on-farm and non-farm opportunities. Due to entry barriers to superior livelihood strategies, the benefits of exchange rate reform accrued disproportionately to households that were richer prior to devaluation. By contrast, food-for-work transfers to households in Kenya significantly reduced liquidity constraints, enabling project participants to pursue more lucrative livelihood strategies in non-farm activities and higher-return agricultural production patterns. Jointly, these two shocks underscore the importance of liquidity, market access and skill constraints to skilled non-farm income sources to dynamic poverty traps in rural Africa.     

日本大学科技型衍生企业的兴起及启示

本文利用日本经济产业省和筑波大学研究中心最近对日本大学衍生企业的年度调查数据等资料,分析了日本大学衍生企业的发展背景、现状以及规模、行业分布等特征,并结合我国大学衍生企业的实际情况,总结其对我国发展大学衍生企业的启示。     

Productive efficiency of specialty and conventional coffee farmers in Costa Rica: Accounting for technological heterogeneity and self-selection

A steep decline in coffee prices at the producer level led to considerable pressure for farmers in Costa Rica and producer countries all over the world. One possible reaction was moving to specialty markets, where price pressure was perceived to be lower. We use original survey data from 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 to analyze the factors influencing participation in specialty markets and to estimate separate production functions for specialty and conventional coffee farmers allowing for farm-specific inefficiencies. Applying a sample selection framework, we find significant selection bias in the sub-sample of specialty farmers and evidence for the overestimation of efficiency, if this bias is not adequately controlled for. Among the most important factors that influence farm-specific efficiency levels in the two sub-samples are the availability of additional income activities, experience in coffee cultivation, and membership in cooperatives. Based on the results, we derive policy recommendations to improve farmers’ production performance and ability to cope with the effects of the coffee crisis. These policy measures include the provision of extension services with respect to farm management skills, the creation of income opportunities in rural areas, and the support of farmer-owned cooperatives.     

政府干预对市场声誉机制的挤出效应——中国医疗保障制度改革的逻辑

监管和自律是克服医生道德风险的两种主要途径,但是政府对医疗领域的过度干预会挤占市场声誉机制的发展空间,同时也进一步强化了医生的道德风险。改革现行“管办不分”的医疗卫生体制以及医院等级评定和医生职称评定制度,同时放松政府对医疗服务价格的控制,以恢复被扭曲的医疗供方市场声誉机制。     

The roles of land tenure reforms and land markets in the context of population growth and land use intensification in Africa

This article reviews the past and potential future roles of land tenure reforms and land markets in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) as responses to population growth in the process of land use intensification and livelihood transformation. The farm size distribution and the existence of an inverse relationship (IR) between farm size and land productivity in SSA and the implications of this relationship for efficiency and equity are investigated. More secure property rights and removal of restrictions on land markets have the potential to create both efficiency and equity benefits, but there are high risks of elite capture of large land areas with inefficient and inequitable outcomes. This situation is the case not only in land-abundant areas but also in urban and peri-urban areas where increasingly larger proportions of people will make their living. Increasing population pressure in densely populated rural areas contributes to more rapid rural–urban migration, and creating alternative livelihood opportunities for the migrating youth population is essential to achieving economic development with social stability.     

Estimating the impact of rural investments in Nepal

As a largely rural society, most people in Nepal still depend upon agriculture as their major livelihood strategy. Therefore, it is important to improve the allocation efficiency of limited public expenditures to promote agricultural growth and poverty reduction. However, evaluating the returns of public investment is limited by methodological challenges. We use hedonic and panel data methods to examine the returns to different types of rural public investments including roads, irrigation and extension advice. The use of diverse identification strategies reduces the risk of using a narrower set of results driven primarily by a particular methodology. We find that rural roads and irrigation are one of the most productive public expenditures according to the benefit-cost ratio calculations, though the magnitudes of these ratios depend on methodology.