Stock Options as Lotteries

We investigate the relationship between ex ante total skewness and holding returns on individual equity options. Recent theoretical developments predict a negative relationship between total skewness and average returns, in contrast to the traditional view that only coskewness is priced. We find, consistent with recent theory, that total skewness exhibits a strong negative relationship with average option returns. Differences in average returns for option portfolios sorted on ex ante skewness range from 10% to 50% per week, even after controlling for risk. Our findings suggest that these large premiums compensate intermediaries for bearing unhedgeable risk when accommodating investor demand for lottery‐like options.     

Heterogeneity and Lotteries in Monetary Search Models

We introduce ex ante heterogeneity into the Berentsen, Molico, and Wright monetary search model with lotteries. We show that their three main results regarding lotteries do not survive this modification of the environment.     

Lotteries, public good provision and the degree of rivalry

Under the standard summation technology, pure public goods can be provided via the direct contributions mechanism, even in an arbitrarily large group. However, if the public good exhibits any degree of rivalry, individual consumption of the public good will fall to zero as group size grows large. Thus, the direct contributions mechanism is not robust to the introduction of rivalry. By contrast, Morgan’s (Review of Economic Studies 67:761–784, 2000) lottery mechanism is robust to the introduction of rivalry when the lottery prize is proportional to group size. The lottery mechanism can provide public goods in a large group when the public good exhibits a degree of rivalry, provided that the degree of rivalry is not too high. This suggests that the lottery mechanism can provide a broader range of public goods in a large group than the direct contributions mechanism.     

Properties of Multinomial Lattices with Cumulants for Option Pricing and Hedging

In this paper, we analyze properties of multinomial lattices that model general stochastic dynamics of the underlying stock by taking into account any given cumulants (or moments). First, we provide a parameterization of multinomial lattices, and demonstrate that mean, variance, skewness, and kurtosis of the underlying may be matched using five branches. Then, we investigate the convergence of the multinomial lattice when the basic time period approaches zero, and prove that the limiting process of the multinomial lattice that matches annualized mean, variance, skewness and kurtosis is given by a compound Poisson process. Finally, we illustrate the effect of higher order moments in the underlying asset process on the price of derivative securities through numerical experiments using the multinomial lattice, and provide a comparison with jump-diffusion models.     

Characteristics of Risk and Return in Risk Arbitrage

This paper analyzes 4,750 mergers from 1963 to 1998 to characterize the risk and return in risk arbitrage. Results indicate that risk arbitrage returns are positively correlated with market returns in severely depreciating markets but uncorrelated with market returns in flat and appreciating markets. This suggests that returns to risk arbitrage are similar to those obtained from selling uncovered index put options. Using a contingent claims analysis that controls for the nonlinear relationship with market returns, and after controlling for transaction costs, we find that risk arbitrage generates excess returns of four percent per year.     

Rollover Risk and Credit Risk

Our model shows that deterioration in debt market liquidity leads to an increase in not only the liquidity premium of corporate bonds but also credit risk. The latter effect originates from firms' debt rollover. When liquidity deterioration causes a firm to suffer losses in rolling over its maturing debt, equity holders bear the losses while maturing debt holders are paid in full. This conflict leads the firm to default at a higher fundamental threshold. Our model demonstrates an intricate interaction between the liquidity premium and default premium and highlights the role of short‐term debt in exacerbating rollover risk.     

Risk Assessments and Risk Premiums in the Eurodollar Market

Increasing awareness of the potential risks involved in lending to heavily indebted governments focuses attention on credit pricing in the Eurodollar market. This paper utilizes a recent survey of country-by-country risk assessments as perceived by lenders to show that a systematic relationship exists between these assessments and interest rates in the Euromarket. The relationship is derived from an underlying model described in the paper. The estimated parameters verify a number of hypotheses, providing insights on the loss rates lenders expect to incur in case of default.     

我国商业银行行业性危机的风险分析与化解对策

在经济全球化和金融一体化的大背景下,市场经济的择优生存法则同样有效于我国的商业银行。当前,由于存量因素的惯性影响和市场中不可控制的变量因素的影响。未来我国商业银行可能会面临较为严重的行业性危机。因此,要想在这场危机管理中取得主动权,就要及早化解可能引发危机的因素,从而改变危机运行的态势与运行方向,以保持商业银行健康、稳健地发展。     

论农村信用社信贷风险及其防范措施

随着我国农村金融体制改革的深入进行,国有商业银行逐步退出农村金融市场,农村信用社成为我国农村金融体系的一支重要力量。现阶段,农村信用社信贷规模快速扩张,长期积累的金融风险逐步地暴露出来,特别是信贷风险问题日益凸显。如何控制信贷风险确保农村信用社健康发展,是当前各级农村信用社工作的重心。本文结合当前我国农村信用社改革发展的实际,针对信贷风险管理存在的问题,提出了相应的政策建议。     

美国商业银行消费信贷的风险控制与防范

我国的消费信贷已从1997年的172亿元增长到2002年的10669亿元,产品的品种也增加到十多种,包括住房、汽车、教育、家庭耐用消费品和旅游等。随着消费信贷市场的快速发展,其中所存在的风险和问题逐步暴露出来。美国在消费信贷的风险控制与防范方面的成功经验对于我国完善消费信贷市场的风险控制具有重要的参考价值。此处发表了中国农业银行深圳分行副行长刘桂平博士在美国学习、访问时所写的调研报告,相信能让读者们受到有益的启发。     

Incomplete Consumption Risk Sharing and Currency Risk Premiums

This article studies the impact of imperfect consumption risksharing across countries on the formation of time-varying riskpremiums in the foreign exchange market and on their cross-sectionaldifferences. These issues are addressed within the frameworkof the Constantinides and Duffie (1996) model applied to a multicountryworld. The article shows that the cross-country variance ofconsumption growth rates is counter-cyclical and that this featureof consumption data is mildly helpful for currency pricing.In particular, unlike the standard CCAPM, the new model is ableto generate currency risk premiums at lower values of risk aversionand provide certain explanatory power for cross-sectional differencesin currency returns.     

风险映射与商业银行操作风险控制

风险映射与操作风险的识别 操作风险的识别过程实际上就是对金融机构业务活动的各个阶段进行风险映射(risk mapping),从而识别操作过程中的关键风险因素.风险映射作为操作风险管理的基础,它与市场风险和信用风险不同,它无法针对具体的产品.     

内部控制、风险控制与风险管理——基于组织目标的概念解说与思想演进

COSO报告(2004)认为内部控制是风险管理的组成部分。但是,内部控制与风险管理在功能和内涵上究竟是什么关系,这方面的研究并不充分。本文从组织目标出发,对内部控制、风险控制以及风险管理三者之间的关系进行了基本的概念解说,并从历史变迁的角度,研究了内部控制、风险控制和风险管理三者的思想内涵及其演进过程。     

BNPP银行的风险控制与风险分散

BNPP银行完善的风险防范体系、成熟的风险控制和风险分散技术是保证其资产质量的根本.其做法:制定全行统一的风险管理政策;从组织架构上建立全方位、立体化的风险控制体系;IT系统对风险控制的支持;专家直接参与风险管理;信贷风险分析技术的国际化;保险公司对信贷风险的分散;对有问题客户集中处理和不良贷款集中管理.     

Risk in Banking and Capital Regulation

This paper investigates the role of bank capital regulation in risk control. It is known that banks choose portfolios of higher risk because of inefficiently priced deposit insurance. Bank capital regulation is a way to redress this bias toward risk. Utilizing the mean-variance model, the following results are shown: (a) the use of simple capital ratios in regulation is an ineffective means to bound the insolvency risk of banks; (b) as a solution to problems of the capital ratio regulation, the “theoretically correct” risk weights under the risk-based capital plan are explicitly derived; and (c) the “theoretically correct” risk weights are restrictions on asset composition, which alters the optimal portfolio choice of banking firms.     

Risk and return in real estate

Basic information is provided on the returns and risks from 1978 through 1985 for unleveraged equity real estate compared with stocks and bonds. Data sources include the Russell-NCREIF index, the Evaluation Associates index, and the Goldman Sachs equity real estate investment trust index. Findings reveal that the aggregate return for the publicly traded equity real estate investment trust index in nearly twice that of the other real estate series, and more than twice that of the Standard & Poor index. The equity real estate investment trust is far more volatile than the other two real estate series. Neither the Goldman Sachs nor the other two indexes exactly measure the returns or risks on equity real estate. The volatility of the equity real estate investment trust leads it to overstate the risk of this investment category, while the other two indexes are not return indexes. Estimates from this study indicate that real estate risk lies plausibly midway between that of stocks and bonds, in the 9 percent to 13 percent range.     

Deregulation and Risk

The recent market turmoil has brought attention to how deregulation of the financial sector may affect risk. The purpose of our study is to examine the market's perception of risk associated with deregulation. We accomplish this by decomposing security risk around deregulation into systematic and unsystematic risk. We examine deregulation of several industries and find a consistent pattern of risk adjustment to deregulation, whereby the increase in security risk is temporary and largely unsystematic.     

关于在金融高风险区建立信贷风险预警机制和减持退出机制的思考

一、金融高风险区的信贷风险特点 所谓金融高风险区是金融业务风险程度较高、金融违规违纪案件相对集中的区域,泛指我国沿江沿海等经济较发达地区.     

人力资本投资:风险与风险规避

自美国经济学家发现人力资本对经济发展的巨大贡献以来,人们的注意力主要集中于阐述人力资本投资的高收益性,而人力资本投资的风险性却很少被论及。实现有效的人力资本投资,必须建立在充分认识人力资本投资特点的基础上,而规避人力资本投资风险的根本途径是明晰人力资本产权和建立人力资本市场。