国际会议选址因素重要性的感知差异分析——以北京为例

北京建设国际会展之都是实现建设世界城市的重要组成部分,因此,研究国际会议选址因素及举办方对其的感知差异对北京具有实践意义。文章通过文献综述及访谈,基于会议组织方角度,总结了北京作为国际会议目的地的23个选址因素,并对会议组织方进行了调查问卷,从时间和举办主体两个维度分析了选址因素重要性的感知差异。文章指出,北京建设会展之都应当重视软实力的提升,加强会议场地的服务质量、会展专业人才、城市形象和目的地营销等方面的建设。     

国外公众参与旅游目的地公共事务研究综述

公众参与在20世纪80年代就已经成为国外旅游研究的主题。但迄今国外尚未对公众参与旅游目的地公共事务进行整体性研究,已有研究主要是针对旅游目的地规划、政策制定、营销等的专题性研究。文章对涉及公众参与旅游目的地公共事务主题的国外英文文献,从文献概况、理论基础、研究内容、研究述评等角度进行了综述。在此基础上,文章提出该领域未来研究要关注公众参与旅游目的地公共事务概念与内涵的界定,完善其理论体系;其整体机制的构建,即整体层面构建涵盖参与主体、参与客体、参与层次与方式、参与过程及其结果等要素的公众参与实现机制;拓展研究领域,把需要公众参与的其他旅游公共事务纳入研究之中;建立针对具体公众参与技术的实践操作指南,并探索我国公众参与旅游目的地公共事务的具体路径。     

旅游目的地营销绩效评价研究现状与展望

随着公共投资审查的日益严格和目的地竞争的加剧,对旅游目的地营销绩效进行评价已经成为实践发展的必然要求.但由于目的地信息的多源性以及旅游者决策过程的复杂性,营销绩效评价一直是目的地营销研究领域中最具挑战性的问题.文章在回顾国内外相关研究文献的基础上,从旅游目的地营销组织绩效评价和旅游目的地营销传播活动绩效评价两个方面对国内外的研究状况进行了归纳,并指出了未来研究的重点和方向,以期为国内理论研究和实践活动的开展提供参考.     

会议旅游目的地的选择与评估--以上海市为例

本文首先从理论上研究了会议组织者对会议目的地的选择标准,以及会议结束后怎样对目的地进行满意程度评估。接着通过半开放式的问卷,对2002年在上海召开过国际会议的会议组织者进行了调查,并在调查结果分析的基础上应用“重要性一表现”的研究方法,试图找出上海作为会议旅游目的地的优势和劣势,希望能为整体营销上海作为会议旅游目的地的市场战略提供一些帮助。     

国外旅游目的地定位研究文献综述

定位是当前旅游市场竞争日趋激烈形势下目的地至关重要的营销工作。文章在综合检索国外目的地定位相关研究文献的基础上,对其8个方面的研究关注点的内容进行了较为详细的回顾和评析。最后,对国外目的地定位研究所呈现出的特点和走向作了总结,并简要探讨了其对国内相关研究的启示。     

旅游情境下乡愁研究回顾与展望

跨地区学习、工作越来越普遍，人们容易产生思乡之情，旅游中的乡愁怀旧现象日益凸显。文章首先查找国内与乡愁旅游主题相关的文献，发现目前成果较为匮乏，随后对乡愁、怀旧进行了系统的文献梳理和评述，并在此基础上对该领域的未来研究方向提出展望。文章将已有文献主题划分为乡愁相关概念及乡愁量表的发展、乡愁与旅游的关系、乡愁旅游的产生以及乡愁影响下旅游行为的表现四个部分，由此进一步指出未来的研究需从以下四个方面进行完善和补充：研究乡愁旅游在不同情境下的差异、研究乡建适度背后的机制、扩大测量样本群体以及利用数字化技术宣传旅游目的地。     

旅游目的地品牌标识评价研究——以中国优秀旅游城市为例

品牌标识是旅游目的地的核心品牌要素,也是其竞争优势的重要来源.但是,目前国内外对旅游目的地品牌标识及其评价的研究很少.文章在分析旅游目的地品牌标识内涵和类型基础上,提出旅游目的地品牌标识评价应遵循市场营销之功能性原则.基于此,文章构建了旅游目的地品牌标识评价的IDCAM模型,提出一个好的品牌标识应该具备识别性、区分性、一致性、易于被注意和易于被记忆之特征.以该模型为基础,文章从信号传递、符号意义、要素组合、视觉要素四个视角对旅游目的地品牌标识评价的具体标准进行了研究,并构建了基于IDCAM模型的旅游目的地品牌标识评价标准模型.依据IDCAM模型,我国优秀旅游城市正在独立使用的149个品牌标识大部分具有识别性,但是区分性明显不够,而且符合理想层次评价标准者仅有31个.     

国外经典旅游目的地选择模型述评

对旅游目的地的选择是任何一个旅游者都必须做出的最重要的决策。多年来,国外学者从不同研究视角出发,提出了大量的相关理论模型,这些模型对旅游消费者行为研究具有重要意义。文章主要对实证主义范式下的旅游目的地选择模型进行了回顾,并从理论和实践角度对其进行了评述;通过对其理论渊源、主要贡献和不足之处进行梳理,以期为旅游目的地选择的相关研究和营销实践提供借鉴。     

目的地营销绩效:现状及价值链模型

如何对日益增多的目的地营销投入进行科学的绩效评估成为学界与业界共同关注的问题.囿于国内学者尚未对该问题给予足够重视,文章首先论述了目的地营销绩效的内涵及其实施意义,并在对国内外相关研究进行文献梳理的基础上归纳出当前该领域4个主要研究方向,分别是目的地具体营销活动的绩效评估研究、营销效率研究、营销审计研究以及营销绩效评估体系构建研究.在此基础上,借鉴营销价值链思想,构建了目的地营销价值链模型,并从4个方面(分别是目的地的营销主体及其营销活动、绩效生成机制、绩效指标以及模型调节因素)对该模型进行了详细论述.     

国外自驾游研究进展

随着国内自驾游的迅速发展,自驾游相关产业、目的地开发和游客管理实践都亟待理论与经验指引。文章对西方自驾游旅游研究进行梳理,从自驾游研究基础（概念与分类）、主要研究方向（游客调研、自驾游旅游线路、自驾游目的地、吸引物与服务设施）及自驾游的影响与管理等方面进行归纳和综述。研究表明,以自驾游为研究内容的旅游研究具有多学科参与的特点,并与汽车紧密相关;自驾游的多目的地性和驾驶愉悦性是自驾游的主要特点。     

The Great Halls of China? Meeting Planners’ Perceptions of Beijing as an International Convention Destination

This research focused on meeting planners’ perceptions about selecting Beijing as an international convention destination. Twenty-three convention destination site selection criteria organized into five categories were identified. It was found that, with respect to Beijing, the importance of site selection criteria has changed since the late 1990s, with meeting planners now attaching more weight to the quality of convention services, quality of convention planning assistance, and city image. The meeting planners who had previously held international conventions in Beijing attached greater importance to research and development cooperation opportunities and choice of accommodations than those who had not. They rated Beijing's performance lower on the convenience of the application process (required by Chinese governments) and government support. It was concluded that Beijing needs to improve most on the quality of convention services and convention planning assistance, and by relaxing government policies related to the holding of international conventions.     

Perceptions of Convention Destinations

Abstract

This paper discusses the perceptions of North American convention destinations as held by association meeting planners. Based on a primary survey of meeting planners, it reveals distinct differences between the destinations. The comparative analysis of large-half and small-half meeting planners discloses a few significant differences with respect to which decision attributes are important in choosing a convention destination. However, hardly any differences exist in the perceptions of the destinations themselves between the two groups of meeting planners.     

The Competitiveness of International Meeting Destinations in Asia

Abstract

This study was designed to discuss marketing strategies for meeting destinations in Asia, especially for Seoul. To achieve this purpose, an e-mail survey was conducted with meeting planners and buying centers to investigate their perspectives on the site selection attributes and the performance of the five meeting cities in Asia-Bangkok, Hong Kong, Seoul, Singapore, and Tokyo. As the result of this study, there was a little difference of perspectives on the site selection attributes and destinations' performance between meeting planners and buying centers. These results could be used to develop competitive marketing strategies for each destination.     

Optimization-based convention site selection method

The meetings, incentives, conventions and exhibitions industry has developed greatly in recent decades, and has become an important driver of the regional economy. Many big cities are eager to develop the meetings, incentives, conventions and exhibitions industry as a means of stimulating their economies. As is well known, convention site selection is one of most important research topics related to the meetings, incentives, conventions and exhibitions industry, and this article presents an optimization-based method for convention site selection. This proposed method takes the non-quantifiable factors of site selection into account, and it adopts the use of second-hand data to quantitatively evaluate the performance of candidate sites with respect to several quantifiable factors. The proposed method is applied instead of using questionnaire surveys, and it is applicable for selecting convention sites even when the candidate sites are in the same cities. The method presented in this article takes various site-level factors into account (such as the meeting and accommodation facilities), along with city-level factors (such as the site environments). The main focus of this article is to provide a concrete method, along with a series of suggestions to help convention planners in making appropriate site-selection decisions.     

Tour Guide Management in Hainan,China: Problems,Implications and Solutions

There have been few efforts made to identify the positioning of exhibition host countries or cities, even though studies on the positioning of convention host destinations have been popular. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the positioning of exhibition cities as perceived by a sample of exhibitors who participated in exhibitions held in Hong Kong. A total of 304 questionnaires were collected at the PATA Travel Mart 2006, the Hong Kong Jewelry and Watch Fair, Aircraft Interiors Expo ASIA 2006, MIPIM Asia 2006, and Electronic Asia 2006. The results of this study found that there is a strong competition between major exhibition host cities in Asia, including Hong Kong, Beijing, Shanghai, Singapore, Seoul and Tokyo. The respondents showed the highest preference for Hong Kong and Singapore as an exhibition host destination.     

An Analysis of Cruise Ship Meetings

Abstract

Cruise ships have become one of the many options for corporate meeting planners when faced with a decision regarding a destination for meetings and incentives (employee rewards). In the past five years, all major cruise lines have unveiled mega cruise ships to attract a piece of the more than $20 billion corporate meeting and incentives market (Buia, 2001). But how much interest really exists among the meeting planners in holding their meetings aboard cruise ships? Are cruise ship meetings really comparable to meetings planned in land based meeting facilities? This paper explores the meeting planners' perceptions and interests in cruise ship meetings.     

Exploring Content and Design Factors Associated with Convention and Visitors Bureau Web Site Development

Abstract

Convention and visitors bureaus (CVBs) have become important organizations within the tourism industry. The International Association of Convention & Visitor Bureaus (IACVB) reported that it represents approximately 500 destination management organizations in 30 countries (IACVB, 2003). As one of the most important components of the tourism industry in the United States, the Convention and Visitors Bureau performs various activities to facilitate destination marketing and development, with the aim of enticing leisure and convention customers to their particular city or region. Meanwhile, meeting planners are using technology to enhance their ability to produce and execute meetings that demonstrate a high return on investment. Consequently, CVBs' websites have enormous potential in selling a destination and facilitating the meeting/convention planning process. This paper explores the content and design factors associated with convention and visitors bureau web site development. It also demonstrates how planners utilize the Internet and CVB websites.     

An exploratory study of factors that exhibition organizers look for when selecting convention and exhibition centers

This study examines the dimensions of convention and exhibition (C&E) center selection attributes from the perspective of exhibition organizers, who have the authority to decide on an exhibition venue. The combined qualitative and quantitative method generates 33 items within a 9-factor (F) structure, including five center-specific and four destination-specific factors: (F1) quality of C&E center staff members and service contractors; (F2) extra-exhibition opportunities; (F3) image of C&E center; (F4) industrial environment of C&E center site; (F5) center facilities; (F6) center accessibility; (F7) C&E center site environment; (F8) exhibition hall cost; and (F9) hotel accommodation. The results of this study enhance the insights of concerned C&E center management and stakeholders with regard to which factors should be considered when conducting a feasibility study before constructing a center, and wih regard to determining effective ways to manage an operating center that aims to focus on hosting exhibitions.     

Exploring determinants of meeting planners’ commitment to the business relationships with destination management companies

Although there is a demand for research on a business-to-business relationship between meeting planners and destination management companies, the current hospitality and tourism literature is insufficient in its attempt to understand the dynamics of this unique relationship. Recently, in the meeting industry, destination management companies have been recognized to experience a more challenging business environment due to the abundance of online vendor information which activates meeting planners’ disintermediation of destination management company services. To provide more practical implications for these key meeting players, this study urges that the key factor that encourages meeting planners to continue using destination management companies is trust. Therefore, this study examines determinants of the trust–commitment relationship as a means for meeting planners to achieve a more sustainable relationship with destination management companies. Applying and extending social exchange theory, this study also explores the determinants of the future relationship (commitment or termination). Findings of this research will provide the industry with suggestions for their relationship development.     

Meeting planners’ use and evaluation of convention and visitor bureaus

The MICE industry represents one of the fastest growing segments of the tourism industry. Yet, it is only in recent years that the economic contribution of this industry segment has been recognized and the relationships among the various industry players have been examined in more depth. This study focuses on the relationship between meeting planners and convention and visitor bureaus (CVBs). Results of the study indicate that association meeting planners utilize CVBs more frequently than corporate planners. Meeting planners mainly use free rather than fee-based CVB services, with destination information and referral services being the most popular. The desire to deal directly with suppliers represents the major reason for meeting planners bypassing CVBs in their convention/meeting planning. Implications of the study results are discussed.