Modern approach to the food security of Russia

This article considers problems such as the definition of food security and the inclusion of food independence in this concept. The conclusion has been drawn that there have been no major threats to the Russian market from the global food market. Alternative definitions and classifications of the standing of the agricultural foods system have been suggested.     

论自由信息和经济信息

文章简要介绍了信息的内涵及其分类方法;分别对自由信息和经济信息进行了定义和论述;文章认为自由信息和经济信息既相互区别,又相互联系;自由信息和经济信息在一定条件下可以相互转化;文章提出,自由信息是相对的,经济信息是绝对的;只有用辩证的观点看待它们,才能有效发挥信息的作用。     

An empirical analysis of China's aggregate import demand function

This study uses the cointegration concept to analyze the long-run relationship of China's aggregate import demand function for the period 1970–1999. The conventional specification for the import demand function reveals that the volume of imports demanded responds to domestic activity and relative prices. This study considers four definitions of domestic activity, namely gross domestic product (GDP), GDP minus exports [IMF Staff Pap. 45 (1998) 236], “national cash flow” [Econ. Lett. 74 (2002) 265], and final expenditure components [Appl. Econ. 21 (1989) 957]. The empirical results indicate a long-run equilibrium relationship between these measures of domestic activity and China's import demand. Overall, domestic activity and relative prices are inelastic in the long run. This study also highlights some policy implications.     

一种改进的信息安全风险计算方法

信息安全风险评估是风险管理的基础,而风险计算又是风险评估的重要前提.目前,在风险计算中,还没有一种统一的标准和具体方法,针对这一情况,文章在分析了信息安全风险计算的几种常用方法的基础上,探索性的提出了一种改进的计算方法,该算法考虑了多个相关威胁发生时对资产造成的影响以及风险的两重性问题,即造成危害的同时也可能带来收益.最后举一算例加以说明.     

Foreign bank lending and information asymmetries in China: Empirical evidence from the syndicated loan market

This paper considers whether information asymmetries affect the willingness of foreign banks to participate in syndicated loans to corporate borrowers in China. We analyze how ownership concentration, which influences information asymmetries in the relationship between the borrower and the lender, exerts an impact on the participation of foreign banks in syndicated loans granted to Chinese borrowers in the period 2004–2009. We observe that greater ownership concentration of the borrowing firm does not positively influence participation of foreign banks in the loan syndicate. We conclude that information asymmetries are not exacerbated for foreign banks relative to local banks in China.     

Multilevel structure and approaches to estimating competitiveness as an economic category

Methodological and organizational problems of analyzing and assessing the competitiveness of various objects are considered (such as technologies, products, and services), as well as the competitive potential of hierarchically structured objects (such as a national economy, a complex of industries, a cluster, or an industry). Relevant definitions are given as well as information acquisition methods and evaluation methods allowing for initial conditions. Evaluation and analytical methods are illustrated.     

产业集群信用的KMPW模型分析

利于非完全信息动态博弈方法中的KMPW声誉模型分析信息不对称下产业集群的诚信问题,认为有效披露和传递集群内企业的诚信信息是发挥网络组织作用的关键,并针对性地提出建立集群内企业诚信制度的建议。     

程序公平、结果公平在会计信息虚假陈述责任认定中的应用

会计信息虚假陈述(失真)一直是媒体和公众关注的热点问题。因此,完善会计信息虚假陈述民事责任认定标准已经成为恢复投资者信心、重振证券市场的重要工作。法律界与会计界对会计信息虚假陈述责任认定存在着较为明显的分歧。本文在对程序公平和结果公平比较分析的基础上,结合会计工作本身的特点,联系会计信息披露义务人为谨慎人的特征,认为目前在会计信息虚假陈述责任认定中应该以程序公平为主要依据。     

信息时代高校图书馆深化服务的具体措施

高校图书馆在信息时代面临新的机遇和挑战,新时期高校图书馆应以满足读者需要作为自身改革和发展的依据,通过改革传统服务模式来提升服务素质,以更深入、全面的服务方式来满足信息时代的高校发展要求,展现高校图书馆的魅力.     

竞争性选拔情境中社会网络及其演化研究

文章在综述前人有关竞争性选拔和社会网络研究的基础上,将社会网络视作基于信息沟通的资源流通渠道．对社会网络的内涵、结构特征进行了分析,并提出了基于竞争性选拔情境的社会网络构成维度;借鉴竞争性随机过程原理和组织生命周期理论,构建了竞争性选拔情境中社会网络动态过程描述表达式和社会网络演化分析框架模型,同时提取了社会网络（形成）演化的影响因素;以期通过对竞争性选拔情境中社会网络的What—Why—How认知链分析,揭示社会网络的发展脉络和演变规律。     

Understanding Audit Quality: Insights from Audit Professionals and Investors

Projects seeking to define, measure, and evaluate audit quality are on the agendas of auditing standards setters as well as audit firms. The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) currently provides information regarding audit quality through the release of inspection reports, and the Board intends to establish and report audit quality indicators. To provide additional perspective on audit quality, we obtain auditors' and investors' views, definitions, and indicators of audit quality. We find that investors' definitions of audit quality focus more on inputs to the audit process than do auditors', and that investors view the number of PCAOB deficiencies as an indicator of overall firm quality. We find a consensus that auditor characteristics may be the most important determinants of audit quality, and that restatements may be the most readily available signal of low audit quality. We relate responses to a general audit quality framework, provide support for archival audit research, and identify additional disclosures that participants suggest could signal audit quality. Taken together, we provide evidence regarding the construct of audit quality in the post‐SOX environment, evaluate many of the audit quality indicators proposed by the PCAOB, and suggest avenues for future research.     

The North American Industry Classification System and Its Implications for Accounting Research*

Industry classification is an important component of the methodological infrastructure of accounting research. Researchers have generally used the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system for assigning firms to industries. In 1999, the major statistical agencies of Canada, Mexico, and the United States began implementing the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). The new scheme changes industry classification by introducing production as the basis for grouping firms, creating 358 new industries, extensively rearranging SIC categories, and establishing uniformity across all NAFTA nations. We examine the implications of the change for accounting research. We first assess NAICS's effectiveness in forming industry groups. Following Guenther and Rosman 1994, we use financial ratio variances to measure intra‐industry homogeneity and find that NAICS offers some improvement over the SIC system in defining manufacturing, transportation, and service industries. We also evaluate whether NAICS might have an impact on empirical research by reproducing part of Lang and Lundholm's 1996 study of information‐transfer and industry effects. Using SIC delineations, they focus on whether industry conditions or the level of competition is the main source of uncertainty resolved by earnings announcements. Across all levels of aggregation, we find inferences are similar using either SIC or NAICS. How‐ever, we also observe that the regression coefficients in Lang and Lundholm's model show smaller intra‐industry dispersion for NAICS, relative to SIC, definitions. Overall, the results suggest that NAICS definitions lead to more cohesive industries. Because of this, researchers may encounter some differences in using NAICS‐industry definitions, rather than SIC, but these will depend on research design and industry composition of the sample.     

IS THERE POLICY SPACE TO PROTECT SOUTH AFRICAN AGRICULTURE?

The aim of this paper is to assess the amount of “policy space” available to increase tariff protection in South African agriculture. To this end, formal definitions for agricultural produce, actual import data, applied tariff data and bound tariff rates and tariff quota information were used to investigate the extent to which it is possible and feasible to increase tariffs. The analysis shows that in general the policy space available to South African agriculture is limited because of, among others, WTO binding and treaty obligations under the EU and SADC agreements. Furthermore, it does not make policy sense to increase protection on most other products.     

Contracts under Wage Compression: A Case of Beneficial Collusion

This paper considers a principal-agent model with adverse selection and limited wage discrimination. Under wage compression, an agent may have an incentive to free ride on other agents by manipulating his private information. When collusion among the agents is not possible, the principal distorts the output schedule to reduce information rent associated with the free-riding opportunity. Under collusion, however, the principal can reduce the information rent by inducing side contracts among the agents, thus partly removing the distortion in the output schedule. We show that side contracts among the agents take place in equilibrium and that the prospect of collusion is beneficial.     

区位优势弱化与武汉城市圈的战略定位

武汉自古就有“九省通衢”的美誉,但自近代以来,武汉的区位优势却呈长期弱化的态势。这是交通、信息现代化的必然结果,也是“极化效应”和经济腹地薄弱的反映。在中部崛起的历史发展机遇面前,武汉应正视区位优势的弱化,制定客观务实的发展战略,加快城市圈内其它地区低端产业发展和建立现代物流体系。     

Inflation targeting as a way of precommitment

This paper considers an institutional arrangement in which thegovernment assigns a publicly-announced inflation target toan instrument-independent central bank, but retains the discretionto revise the inflation target after wages have been set. Weargue that since this arrangement is transparent, it solvesCanzonen's private information problem, ensures perfect monitoringof the government, and makes reputauonal forces more effectiveCases are characterized in which, for this reason, inflationtargeting mitigates the inflationary bias of monetary policy.     

Allocation of Time and Household-level Consumption Equivalent Welfare: A Case of South Korea

Using “2014 Time Usage and Quality of Life” of 17th KLIPS (Korean Labour and Income Panel Study), the first and most detailed time use survey of its kind in South Korea, we first document the patterns of time use in market work, nonmarket work (household work), child care, and a variety of definitions in leisure. We find that, while men work longer hours, men’s additional market work is well compensated by more leisure and less hours in nonmarket work and child care. We also find within-household unequal distribution of time use in nonmarket work, child care, and leisure in favour of men. Consistent with the cases of the US and other advanced economies, high-income earners tend to enjoy less hours of leisure while they spend more money on leisure activities. Secondly, we calculate the household-level consumption equivalent measure that considers consumption, leisure, life expectancy, and uncertainty. We find that taking into account non-separable preference over leisure and consumption and the quality of leisure is important and household-level welfare measures based solely on income or consumption are both incomplete and misleading.     

我国中小企业转型升级背景下融资租赁发展探讨

文章认为,融资租赁是联结金融与实体经济最为紧密的融资手段,基于中小企业而言,融资租赁具有缓解融资双方信息不对称、降低融资门槛和成本、缓解财务负担等优势,是中小企业转型升级的有效融资选择。文章针对目前我国融资租赁行业存在的法律法规不健全、多头监管、政策扶持力度不够、中小企业对融资租赁认知度不高等问题,需要政府、中小企业以及租赁公司三方共同努力,采取相应措施,积极促进我国中小企业融资租赁的健康发展。     

The modern problems of forecasting regional energy consumption (using the example of the Republic of Komi)

The article considers the methodical and information problems of forecasting regional energy consumption, suggests the methods and complex model for forecasting the levels of energy, heat, and fuel consumption in interrelation with the development of both separate types of industries and types of activity and an energy source. The influence is shown of the probabilities of realization of the production prediction and the limits on energy supply on the formation of the prospective levels of electrical and heat energy.     

Seebohm Rowntree and secondary poverty, 1899–19541

This article, focusing on Seebohm Rowntree's poverty surveys, considers the importance and durability of the concept of secondary poverty. It argues that secondary poverty was a central component of Rowntree's first survey of York, carried out in 1899, and in his lectures and writing in the Edwardian period. Moreover, secondary poverty remained an important feature of Rowntree's analysis during the interwar years and after the Second World War, and was adopted by other researchers in various ways. Although secondary poverty was not seriously examined in the published version of Rowntree's 1936 York survey, there is evidence that it was originally intended to feature, and it is clear that impressionistic evidence of poverty was gathered by Rowntree's investigators, as had been the case in 1899. Moreover, although it was completely expunged from the third survey of York, carried out by Rowntree and Lavers in 1950, a separate inquiry into secondary poverty was carried out in the early 1950s, with a number of prominent supporters. Subsequently, dissatisfaction with income‐based definitions and measurements of poverty allowed the concept of secondary poverty to continue to exercise an influence on the study of poverty in the postwar period.