The Influence of Diversification and Market Structure on the R&D Intensity of Large Australian Firms

This article empirically investigates the determinants of R&D intensity for large Australian firms (1994–1997). The results indicate that more focused firms have higher R&D intensities and that lower levels of industry competition are associated with lower R&D intensities.     

An Empirical Analysis of R&D Transactions: Surrogate Technological Networks and Firm Performance

This paper uses statistical data from the annual R&D survey of financial flows received or spent by the firm for R&D activities. To describe R&D networks, attention is focused on the construction of four synthetic proxies from empirical literature on social networks: variety of partners, intensity, regularity of links, and centrality in networks. On the bases of the two available innovation surveys, we explore, through a cross section study, the impact of these different variables on technological performance of firms.     

知识产权能力、外部知识产权保护强度与企业成长性

在知识经济背景下,知识产权能力是企业发展不可或缺的能力。从创造、运用、管理3个维度剖析了企业知识产权能力,探讨其对企业成长的影响机制,并分析了区域知识产权保护强度在这一过程中的调节作用。通过对计算机应用上市企业数据的实证分析,发现知识产权能力可以有效促进企业成长,企业所在区域知识产权保护强度对这一影响存在显著正向调节作用。     

Market value,R&D,and patents

A significant relationship is found between the market value of the firm and its ‘intangible’ capital, proxied by past R&D expenditures and the number of patents, based on a time-series cross-section analysis of data for large U.S. firms.     

The Size of Firms and R&D Investment

We construct an industry-equilibrium model in which it is costly for consumers who have previously purchased from one firm to switch to competitors. This gives firms a certain degree of market power over their established customers. The equilibria we identify under these conditions have the following properties: (1) there is a nontrivial size distribution of firms, although firms are intrinsically identical, (2) larger firms make higher profits, (3) larger firms spend more on R&D, (4) larger firms charge (on average) lower prices, and (5) profits are positively correlated over time. These properties match empirical regularities concerning the manufacturing and retail sectors in the U.S. economy.     

R&D and Productivity in German Manufacturing Firms

This papcr uses a new firm panel data set to explore the relationship between R&D and productivity in German manufacturing firms for the period from 1979 to 1989. The results confirm the view that K&D is an important determinant of productivity growth. In the cross-section, the elasticity of sales with respect to R&D capital is on the order of 14 per cent. Using fixed-effects estimators yields R&D elasticities of about 8 per cent. Assuming different depreciation rates for R&D capital has virtually no effect on these results. Differencing estimates improve considerably when growth rates are computed over longer time periods, suggesting that the divergence between time-series and cross-sectional estimates is driven by random measurement errors. The paper also considers differences between high technology and other firms. Cross-section and panel elasticity estimates of the R&D effect diverge considerably for the two groups, while the corresponding rate of return estimators display far less variation. There is some evidence that the R&D elasticity increased during the early 1980s, and that it fell sharply back to its 1979 value during the period from 1985 to 1989.     

An Empirical Evaluation of The Effects of R&D Subsidies

R&D subsidies are a common tool of technology policy, but little is known about the effects they have on the behavior of firms. This paper presents evidence on the effects that R&D subsidies have on the R&D effort of recipients, and on the probability that a firm will participate in a program granting R&D subsidies. The empirical model consists of a system of equations: a participation equation; and an R&D effort equation. Endogeneity of public funding is controlled for. Estimates are obtained with a cross-section sample of Spanish firms. The main findings are that: 1) small firms are more likely to obtain a subsidy than large firms, probably reflecting one of the public agency's goals; 2) overall, public funding induces more private effort, but for some firms (30% of participants) full crowding out effects cannot be ruled out, and 3) firm size remains related to effort, whether or not a firm gets public funding.     

Large Firms and Knowledge Flows in the Dutch R&D System: A Case Study of Philips Electronics

This paper uses data on patent-to-patent citations and patent-to-science-literature citations to study the spillover network of companies and research institutes around Philips Electronics. The theoretical section of the paper surveys the literature on innovation regimes and regional systems of innovation, and uses this to derive a number of testable hypotheses on the Philips network. The main findings of the paper are that the importance of local firms in the technology network around Philips is small, but the impact of local (semi-)public institutes is larger. Also, it is found that large firms generate a large part of the scientific literature that is referred to in Philips patents.     

R&D boundaries of the firm: An estimation of the double-hurdle model on commissioned R&D,joint R&D,and licensing in Japan

This paper studies the firm’s decisions on in-house R&D and its procurement from outside through commissioned R&D, joint R&D, and technology acquisitions (i.e., licensing-in). Using the data about 14,000 manufacturing firms in Japan, we estimate a modified double-hurdle model in which the first hurdle determines whether the firm should perform any R&D at all and the second hurdle determines whether (and how much) it should perform each mode of procured R&D. The results generally support the two major theories—the transaction cost theory and the capability theory. The estimated positive effects of firm size, in-house R&D intensity, diversification, and vertical integration support the hypothesis that capability is needed for procured R&D, while the estimated positive effect of the index of appropriability by patents supports the hypothesis that this appropriability reduces transaction costs. In addition, we found that information flow from scientific sources and that from transaction-based sources affect the three modes of procured R&D differently.     

家族企业的控制目标、盈利目标与研发投入

以2011—2016年中国沪深两市家族企业为样本,采用二手数据Tobit回归方法,研究了家族企业控制目标和盈利目标的实现与否对研发投入的影响。结果显示:供应商对家族企业的威胁越大,家族企业管理者为了实现控制目标越倾向于增加研发投入;家族企业管理者对盈利目标和控制目标的重视遵循注意力顺序理论,即当盈利目标未实现时,家族企业管理者更关注盈利状况,较少关注控制威胁,因此会减少研发投入;当盈利目标实现后,家族企业管理者才关注控制威胁、增加研发投入;家族企业的资源禀赋优势有助于控制目标的实现。     

Market structure and R&D investment spillovers

This paper examines research and development (R&D) investment spillovers across different market structures. In particular, we extend the recent work in Matsumura et al. (2013) to incorporate R&D investment spillovers. When the market is a duopoly, noncooperative (cooperative) R&D investment is preferred for small (large) spillovers of less (more) than half. We show that as a market structure becomes more competitive, noncooperative R&D investment is more likely to be preferred. Moreover, noncooperative R&D is not always decreasing with the intensity of competition, even though it is ultimately zero with perfect competition. Our theoretical results fit well with existing empirical findings.     

中国证券公司市场结构与绩效的实证分析

笔者利用2006年～2009年的面板数据,对传统的SCP假说、相对市场力量假说和效率结构假说进行了检验。研究发现,我国证券市场支持传统的SCP假说:市场集中度与证券公司绩效显著正相关,市场份额、效率与证券公司绩效之间的关系不显著,并且,效率与市场份额不相关。     

Vertical R&D Spillovers,Cooperation, Market Structure,and Innovation

This paper studies vertical R&D spillovers between upstream and downstream firms. The model incorporates two vertically related industries, with horizontal spillovers within each industry and vertical spillovers between the two industries. Four types of R&D cooperation are studied: no cooperation, horizontal cooperation, vertical cooperation, and simultaneous horizontal and vertical cooperation. Vertical spillovers always increase R&D and welfare, while horizontal spillovers may increase or decrease them. The comparison of cooperative settings in terms of R&D shows that no setting uniformly dominates the others. Which type of cooperation yields more R&D depends on horizontal and vertical spillovers, and market structure. The ranking of cooperative structures hinges on the signs and magnitudes of three "competitive externalities" (vertical, horizontal, and diagonal) which capture the effect of the R&D of a firm on the profits of other firms. One of the basic results of the strategic investment literature is that cooperation between competitors decreases R&D when horizontal spillovers are low; the model shows that this result does not necessarily hold when vertical spillovers are sufficiently high, and/or when horizontal cooperation is combined with vertical cooperation.     

知识产权保护与发展中国家创新能力提升——来自中国的实证分析

分析知识产权保护对发展中国家的影响,需要考虑知识产权保护对发展中国家自主研发能力的作用,需要以发展中国家创新能力的提升为研究归宿。文章在考虑了发展中国家培育自主创新能力必要性的基础上,分析了发展中国家在开放条件下实施知识产权保护战略时面临的多重困境。对中国的实证研究表明:知识产权保护是影响FDI规模和质量的重要因素;知识产权保护促进了内资企业的创新能力,并通过研发投入的加强提高了国际技术溢出的吸收效果;加强知识产权保护带来更多更高技术含量FDI的正面效应,可以弥补其对技术溢出的抑制效应。     

Property rights protection and corporate R&D: Evidence from China

Following the recent literature on institutions and economic growth, we examine the effects of property rights protection on corporate R&D. Using a unique 2003 World Bank survey of over 2400 firms in 18 Chinese cities, we obtain the following findings: (1) property rights protection is positively and significantly related to corporate R&D activity (for both process and product R&D); (2) government services and helping hand are conducive to corporate R&D, while informal payments to government officials are not; and (3) government ownership of firms and direct appointment of CEOs are negatively associated with corporate R&D activities. We also find that corporate R&D is positively related to firm size, and access to finance, but negatively related to product market competition and firm age.     

知识产权保护和经济增长：基于省际面板数据的研究

本文利用省际面板数据研究了知识产权保护和经济增长之间的关系,发现知识产权保护在一定程度上可以促进经济增长,但这种关系和经济发展程度是正相关的。一般说来,经济越发达,知识产权保护对经济增长的影响越显著;经济越欠发达,知识产权保护对经济增长的影响作用就越不显著。本文最后给出了选择合适知识产权保护战略的建议。     

我国上市公司价值创造与价值损害的判定分析

本文以1999年底前在沪市上市的429家A股公司为研究对象，分别以样本公司的2002年度EVA绝对值和相对值（权益资本效率）为标准将样本公司划分为“创造价值”、“模糊状态”或“价值损害”三种类型，然后从这三类公司中各随机抽取80％的样本公司为建模样本，根据其1999～2001年的有关财务变量、公司治理变量和行业变量，分别应用Fisher和Logistic判定分析方法建立我国上市公司价值创造预测模型，并使用剩余20％样本公司作为检验样本验证模型。研究结果表明，基于上市公司的（T-1）年度的财务数据创建预测模型误判率较低；Logistic模型的判定准确性较高；EVA相对值判定模型的准确度略高于EVA绝对值判定模型；财务指标、公司治理指标和行业特征对公司价值创造具有显著影响。     

高技术企业智力资本对财务绩效影响的实证研究

以我国沪深A股上市的通信、计算机和电子信息板块的45家高技术企业为研究对象,采用智力增值系数法计量智力资本,选取45家公司2007～2009年的相关财务数据,运用SPSS统计软件,通过因子分析、相关分析及回归分析等实证分析方法,研究了高技术企业智力资本及其构成要素对财务绩效的影响。     

An Empirical Analysis of Australian Labour Productivity

This study presents a model capturing sources of Australian aggregate labour productivity using annual time series data from 1970 to 2001. Labour productivity, or real output per hour worked, in this model is determined by real net capital stock in information technology and telecommunications (ITT), real net capital stock in the non-ITT sector, trade openness, human capital, the wage rate, international competitiveness, and the union membership rate. Given the lack of long and consistent time series data, multivariate cointegration techniques are inappropriate as the cointegration results will be sensitive to the lag length, the inclusion or exclusion of the intercept term or a trend in the cointegration equation and/or the vector autoregression (VAR) specification. Therefore, the Engle-Granger representation theorem and the Hausman weak exogeneity test have been employed to determine the short and long-term drivers of Australian productivity. Empirical estimates indicate that, in the long-term, policies aimed at promoting various types of investment, trade openness, international competitiveness, and the use of wage as a stimulant in a decentralised wage negotiation system, will improve labour productivity. In the short term, all the above variables except for human capital and labour reforms, which both need more time to evolve, determine productivity performance.