Tourism's contribution to the Yugoslav economy

Tourism is an important sector of the post-industrial economies of the developed nations. This article concentrates on the contribution of tourism to the balance of payments in Yugoslavia. Current methods of assessing the value of tourism transactions are inadequate and make international comparisons impossible. The complexity involved in defining ‘tourism’ has led to the accumulation of meaningless data. The IMF's standard balance-of-payments model is described, and the ways in which Yugoslavia's measurements of tourism income and expenditure could be standardized according to IMF recommendations and thus become use- ful in economic policy formulation.     

Tourism's regional development impacts : A comparative analysis of the Greek islands

This paper explores the conditions that determine tourism development and theorizes how these conditions lead to a variety of impacts on host communities. Thirty-eight Greek islands were statistically analyzed using secondary data and a smaller sample was studied in greater detail through a comparative case-study approach. While the quantity of tourism development was found to be subject to demand, its quality and integration with other sectors were associated with the size of the community. Tourism impacts were found to be beneficial in larger islands. In smaller islands with high tourist activity, while a reverse in declining demographic patterns has been observed, tourism was found to create unstable, short-term, and dualistic development. The paper concludes that factors such as the local institutional capacity to absorb development and the potential interaction of locals and tourists should be considered in the making of tourism policy.     

The travel career ladder: An Appraisal

This paper examines the state of the “travel career ladder” concept. It is argued that the research findings thought to support this concept are contradictory. In a sample of UK holidaymakers, it was found that while motives for taking vacations were consistent among all of the sample, those who had had a history of past tourism experience in a destination, or of similar types of holidays elsewhere, indicated a better match between wants and an ability to meet those desires. It seems that it is not a case of changing psychological needs resulting from past tourism experience as proposed by the “travel career ladder” model but rather a case of better meeting needs.

Résumé

L'échelle des expériences du tourisme: une évaluation. Cet article examine le concept de l'échelle des expériences. On affirme que les conclusions des recherches à l'appui de ce concept sont contradictoires. D'après une enquête parmi des vacanciers du Royaume-Uni, on a trouvé que, bein que les motivations des vacances soient stables pour tout le sondage, ceux qui avaient déjà voyagé à une destination ou qui avaient eu ailleurs des vacances similaires ont indiqué une meilleure correspondence entre leurs désirs et la satisfaction de ces désirs. Ce n'est pas un cas, semble-t-il, de changer les besoins psychologiques selon les expe riences du passé comme on le suggère avec le modèle de «l'échelle des expériences du tourisme» sinon un cas de mieux satisfaire aux besoins.     

MARKET POSITIONING ANALYSIS: A Hybrid Approach

This research introduces a hybrid approach including correspondence analysis and logit modeling to contrast the relative market position of Virginia with eight other eastern US states and the District of Columbia. The data obtained from a series of telephone surveys are analyzed. In a competitive analysis, the study areas are described by youth/mature and culture/nature dimensions relating to activity images as well as by beach/mountain and urban/country dimensions in connection with attraction images. Pennsylvania appears to be an immediate competitor of Virginia in regard to provision of leisure activities. The study concludes with discussions on critical findings along with marketing implications.     

U.S. tourist destinations: A history of desirability

This study supplies a ranking of the most desirable tourist destinations for US travelers from 1907 through 1980, as gauged from a content analysis of travel-related advertisements appearing in two national magazines; Harper's Monthly and National Geographic. The amount of advertising space that features each destination is calculated, and from these totals the rankings of desirable destinations are derived. Maps and accompanying narrative give external validity to the content analysis, while use of consistent coding forms provides reliability. Listings of frequently visited areas accompany each map and narrative, and these in turn generally agree with those developed from the advertisements.     

Differential multipliers

A modified version of the Archer tourism multiplier model is used to derive differential multipliers, at both the sectoral and firm scale, for the Cook Islands tourist industry and ancillary sectors. Firm level analysis is shown to be necessary if factors of industrial organization, such as size and ownership characteristics, are not to be overlooked. The results reveal that smaller, locally owned establishments generate more local income, employment, and gross government revenue than their larger, overseas controlled counterparts. The model is shown to be a highly suitable surrogate for conventional input-output models, which, due to factors such as cost and lack of data, cannot always be used in small nations or regions to develop a data base suitable for the planning of tourist development.     

Social impacts of tourism : Host perceptions

This study investigates the pergeptions of the residents of Nadi, Fiji, towards the impacts of tourism. A survey of 199 households revealed that residents (most of whom were dependent on the industry for their livelihood) supported the current magnitude of tourism and favored its expansion. Despite this very clear and generally positive view, the respondents identified specific negative and positive impacts that, in their view, affected the community. The results suggest that residents of communities dependent on tourism can clearly differentiate between its economic benefits and the social costs, and that awareness of certain negative consequences does not lead to opposition towards further tourism development.     

Sustainable tourism and the question of the commons

Sustainable development calls for wise management of natural, built, and sociocultural resources in destination areas. Resources created mainly for tourism are used in time by the local population as well. Many others are shared in common with local people in everyday life. More often than not, resources are overused and degraded, as is the unfortunate fate of most ‘common pool resources’. When this happens, sustainable development is severely threatened: economic wellbeing declines, environmental conditions worsen, social injustice grows, and tourist satisfaction drops. This paper analyzes the central role that common pool resources play in sustainable tourism development, outlines policy design principles for their management, and offers future research directions.     

AIRPORT RUNWAY SLOTS: Limits to Growth

The United States–European Union market accounts for approximately 25% of all international tourist arrivals worldwide, and is arguably the busiest market in the world. This paper argues that landing slot policy and the manner in which airport capacity is allocated among airlines across the north Atlantic is likely to underpin the future geographic structure of the tourism industry. By analyzing the historical evolution of slot policy, this paper attempts to enhance the extant literature on how government authorities allocate scarce airport resources. The paper concludes by arguing that various slot reform proposals need to be adopted to make airports more “elastic” when managing origin-destination tourist flows.     

The multiplier impact of tourism in the okanagan

The primary objective of this study is to examine the economic impact of tourism on the Okanagan Region, (B.C., Canada), by evaluating the multiplier effects of tourist expenditure on the generation of income, sales and employment. Specifically, separate multipliers are calculated in order to identify the relative contribution of four major types of tourists, namely: (a) Non-residential Visitors, (b) Residential Visitors (B.C.), (c) Day-trippers, and for the first time, (d) Convention Delegates. This study utilizes the Archer tourism multiplier methodology by adopting a price level adjusted twenty-nine sector input- output framework as the basis for calculating the tourist multipliers. Unlike the earlier studies that are based on primary data, this study uses secondary data.     

Tourism employment during economic transition

This study examines labor mobility into tourism employment during economic transition. Working from the proposition that the industry serves as a refuge, it discusses the inward mobility patterns from other economic sectors, assesses the impact of the change, and measures the motivations for taking up such occupations. The study found that workers came from an unusually wide range of industries, which supports the idea of upheaval in the labor market. While there is little indication it is causing widespread personal suffering, evidence for the “refuge” role of tourism was found. Employment in this industry emerges as being attractive and accessible for people with various stock of human capital.     

The resort cycle and second homes

Second homes are a major feature of tourism in much of North America and Western Europe. Unfortunately, many models are not applicable to the unique aspects of cottage tourism. This article examines a widely accepted resort cycle concept in order to determine its applicability to second homes. The study area of Sauble Beach (Ontario, Canada) at first appears to be a clear example of the stagnation and decline stages of the resort cycle. However, the inclusion of the growth of residential development and cottage conversions reveals that despite its substantial decline in conventional tourism, the area is actually experiencing a revival. Consequently, a refinement to the resort cycle is proposed whereby a decline in tourism is counteracted by a stabilization reaction. The stage is portrayed graphically using a proposed associated cycle of the average length of stay by visitors and residents.     

Spanish tourism migrants : The case of Lloret de Mar

This paper details experiences of Spanish tourism migrants in a Costa Brava resort, Lloret de Mar. Employment in these resorts is largely seasonal, “unskilled” with long hours and low pay. Much of the labor force consists of women from rural areas where stable employment is scarce, and for whom migration can bring some improvement in their position in the household and the labor market. Migrants can redefine gender roles and reassess their class position, including attitudes toward unions. However, their immediate employers often operate on low profit margins, and as seasonal workers, tourism migrants are especially vulnerable to down-turns in the industry as well as to pressure from high national unemployment. These influences have hindered union organization. Tourism migration can bring temporary improvement for individual migrants, but has represented no more than a half-way house. It reflects lack of rural development, while providing no solution.     

Oligopoly and the resort cycle in the Bahamas

Markusen's “profit cycle” and the influence of oligopoly are applied to Butler's notion of the resort cycle. The stagnation and decline associated with the latter stages of the resort cycle can be explained by industrial organization and the oligopolistic position of the major suppliers. The study area of Paradise Island (Bahamas) appears to be a clear example of how the corporate strategies of a major supplier can dramatically influence the resort cycle process. Resorts subjected to long-term oligopoly can experience eventual declines in the number of visitors because of an emphasis on market share and competitive stability, at the expense of innovation and diversification.     

Urban hotel development patterns in the face of political shifts

This paper discusses changes in the spatial pattern of tourism accommodation in Jerusalem in the past 150 years. This is done with particular reference to urban development and political shifts during this period and in respect to various theoretical models relating to the location of hotels in urban areas. The time frame of the paper is divided into four chronological periods according to the main geopolitical changes in the city: the end of the Ottoman period; the period of the British Mandate; the city divided between Israel and Jordan; and the city unified under Israeli sovereignty.     

Tourism land use conflict in the United States

Despite numerous articles detailing the consequences of tourism, one's understanding of the conflict caused by tourism development is limited. This paper attempts to identify generalizable features of the tourism development debate in the United States through the use of a locational conflict framework. A typology of tourism development was created using content analysis of newspaper articles that described conflict over tourism related land use changes. The results of the analysis indicate that the number of tourism development conflict incidents and the issues involved in these incidents varied substantially across the United States. Analysis also indicates that the participants involved in the conflicts aligned themselves into different coalitions, depending upon the particular issue. This suggests that the particular tourism development issue is the most important variable affecting generalizations about tourism development conflict.     

Resort cycle revisited: The retirement connection

This article reappraises the Butler model of resort evolution with the addition of a focus on retirement-tourism relationships. The model predicts retirement will emerge as a major factor in resorts as tourism goes into decline, but an examination of trends in Parksville and Qualicum Beach, British Columbia, Canada, revealed retirement has been a feature of those resorts since their early days and has grown alongside tourism. However, an analysis of content of local newspapers revealed that the two communities came to appreciate the retirement sector with their first major downturn in tourism, which in itself partially supports Butler's thesis.     

Ethnic politics and tourism: A British Case Study

This paper argues that one can better understand the phenomenon of ethnicity in the West through an analysis of tourism representations of a region's history and culture and of the many motives behind them. It examines the rise of a particular version of Shetland (United Kingdom) identity by linking the differing goals of the local bourgeoisie, as well as the bulk of the islands' inhabitants, with the projects of the Shetland Tourist Organisation and related groups. While this version of the Shetlandness is understood as providing a Durkheimian sense of unity for many inhabitants, its origins and increasing articulations with the economic and political goals of the islands' bourgeoisie are the main concerns of the paper.

Résumé

Développement économique et tourisme de randonneurs. Cet article soutient que l'on peut mieux comprendre le phénomène de l'ethnicité occidentale en analysant les représentations touristiques de l'histoire et de la culture d'une région et les motivations derrière ces représentations. On examine une certaine version de l'identité shetlandaise (Royauyme-Une) en reliant les différents objectifs de la bourgeoisie locale et de la majorité des habitants des îles, avec les projects de l'Organisation Touristique Shetlandaise parmi d'autres groupes. On comprent que cette version de l'identité shetlandaise donne un sens d'identité à la Durkheim à beaucoup d'habitants. Pourtant, l'objet principal de l'article est d'examiner les origines de cette version et sa relation croissante avec les buts économiques et politiques de la bourgeoisie shetlandaise.     

The contribution of tourism to the economy of Ireland in 1990 and 1995

The paper describes how input-output modelling methods have been used, to estimate economic impacts of tourism expenditure in Ireland and passenger fares during 1990 and 1995, measured as GNP, employment, government revenue and Balance of Payments credit. Full details of calculating 1990 impacts are shown in an appendix to the main text. Corresponding 1995 impacts are presented without background details. These tourism impacts, as shares of national aggregates, are in the range 7–11%, which is worthwhile. Per IR£ million receipts, international tourism shows a higher GNP impact than aggregate exports of goods and services.     

Evaluation of demand: US tourists to Aruba

This study examines international tourism demand to Aruba from the United States. This is the first empirical attempt to estimate the income, price, and exchange rate elasticities on Aruban tourism. An accurate estimate, understanding, and forecasting of the demand based on appropriate analytical methods is important for both the government and private investors. Tourism demand estimates from either the linear and the double log linear models reveal that the effects of income dominate those of prices and exchange rates. In general, US tourists appeared to be highly sensitive to the income variable and inelastic with respect to price. The exchange rate variable was not significant.