中国城市劳动力市场的一体化进程

本文从区域劳动经济学的视角分析城市间劳动力市场的发育和融合。我们介绍了分析区域劳动力市场的理论框架与国际经验，并利用住户调查数据发现，1988-1995年间，随着工资和教育回报率的上升，它们在城市间的差异有所扩大；虽然区域间的工资收敛并不显著，但受教育程度较低的工人工资收敛速度快于受教育程度高的技术型工人。针对这些实证结论，我们提出了促进区域劳动力市场统一的配套改革措施，以及建立全国性的以身份证为核心的大学生就业市场的建议。     

中国城市劳动力市场性别工资歧视的估计

利用2009年中国健康与营养调查城市地区成人数据库的样本,运用Oaxaca(1973)工资差异分解法和Cotton(1988)工资差异分解法,对中国城市劳动力市场上的性别工资歧视程度进行估计,采用两种方法进行分解的结果均表明,性别工资差异中不可解释的部分占到了其总额的70%以上。     

中国城市劳动力市场上的性别工资差异

本文描述了中国城市劳动力市场上男女在行业获得和工资上的差异,并且用计量方法对工资差异进行了分解。分解结果表明,男女工资差异主要由同类行业内工资差异引起,而由于两者行业分布不同而带来的工资差异不大;歧视是造成性别之间的工资差异的主要原因,人力资本所起的作用很小。由此,缩小行业内的工资差异,消除对女性的歧视,是缩小工资性别差异的重要途径。     

中国城乡劳动力市场一体化研究综述

在城乡劳动力市场一体化问题上,理论界对劳动力市场一体化的含义及其发展的一般规律、我国城乡劳动力市场一体化的特征、我国城乡劳动力市场一体化的进展和进一步促进我国城乡劳动力市场一体化的对策等问题进行了较为深入的研究。研究结果显示,我国城乡劳动力市场一体化水平的提高是劳动力市场制度变迁的结果,城乡劳动力市场一体化水平的进一步提高有赖于建立城乡一体化的劳动力市场制度,然而,对劳动力市场一体化制度变迁的机制、制度变迁的过程等问题,研究有待深化。     

劳动力流动对城市劳动力市场的影响

本文使用2005年1％人口抽样调查数据,考察了在我国大中城市中,劳动力流动对本地劳动者就业率和工资的影响。我们发现,外来劳动力对城市本地劳动力的就业率和工资均具有统计上显著的负向作用,但是影响的规模非常小。对于全部教育组平均而言,外来劳动力每增加10％,城市本地劳动力的就业率下降0.3％,工资下降0.65％;对于中低教育水平（高中及以下）的城市本地劳动力而言,外来劳动力的影响程度相对高一些,但是仍然不算大。另外,我们发现,外来劳动力对本地职工工资的影响,要大于对就业率的影响,说明城市本地劳动力对于外来劳动力存在有限的反应,主要体现在降低保留工资,而非放弃工作机会。     

中国劳动力市场一体化与经济开放

本文从理论和经验上分析了中国劳动力市场一体化及经济开放对该进程的影响,表明:两个劳动力市场的均衡工资差距在受到外生冲击后回到均衡水平的能力是衡量我国区域劳动力市场一体化的一个较好标准;经济开放对我国区域劳动力市场一体化的程度具有显著促进作用,其主要机制是减少或消除劳动力迁移过程中的各种障碍性因素、推进我国地区劳动力市场的开放等;我国各区域劳动力市场一体化进程不同,华北、华东、华南区域劳动力市场一体化的程度更高.     

劳动力流动对城市劳动力市场的影响

本文使用2005年1%人口抽样调查数据,考察了在我国大中城市中,劳动力流动对本地劳动者就业率和工资的影响。我们发现,外来劳动力对城市本地劳动力的就业率和工资均具有统计上显著的负向作用,但是影响的规模非常小。对于全部教育组平均而言,外来劳动力每增加10%,城市本地劳动力的就业率下降0.3%,工资下降0.65%;对于中低教育水平(高中及以下)的城市本地劳动力而言,外来劳动力的影响程度相对高一些,但是仍然不算大。另外,我们发现,外来劳动力对本地职工工资的影响,要大于对就业率的影响,说明城市本地劳动力对于外来劳动力存在有限的反应,主要体现在降低保留工资,而非放弃工作机会。     

中国次级劳动力市场工资决定机制的改革与完善

次级劳动力市场是整体劳动力市场的重要组成部分,该市场发展状况引起社会越来越多的关注,分析了劳动力次级市场存在的客观性和作用,并且提出了建立和完善中国劳动力次级市场的对策。     

区域劳动力市场一体化研究——基于海西区与长三角、珠三角的比较

利用我国城市最近的面板数据探讨区域劳动力市场一体化问题,分别考察了海西区、长三角、珠三角三个区域的工资趋同性,并进一步考察了影响地区工资趋同的因素以及这些影响因素与工资趋同趋势的相关关系,对比了海西区与其他两个地区劳动力市场一体化的主要差异。最后,对促进劳动力市场的一体化提出了相关政策建议。     

ASSESSING RETURNS TO EDUCATION AND LABOR SHOCKS IN MEXICAN REGIONS AFTER NAFTA

This article examines Mexico's (real) wage movements across its 32 subnational entities for post‐North American Free Trade Agreement years. Employing dynamic panel data methods, we obtain the following results. First, education (or labor productivity) has slightly higher wage effects in the Border‐North region. Second, allowing for foreign capital and labor to respond to wages, returns to education have higher effects in South‐Center Mexico, the region with (average) lower education levels. Third, convergence rates become lower with endogenous foreign capital and migration flows: wages move faster in the South‐Center region than in Border‐North. Overall, migration flows have greater effects on wages than foreign direct investment inflows. (JEL F15, F21, F22, F43, O47)     

RETURNS TO DEBT AND EQUITY IN FARM PRODUCER ORGANIZATIONS

While the capital structure irrelevance proposition is the point of departure in corporate finance, it is unknown if debt‐or‐equity decisions matter to farm producer organizations. To inform decisions of capital acquisition, a panel study is conducted to estimate the relationships of different types of debt (current, long‐term) and equity (allocated, unallocated) to the financial performance of 707 farm producer organizations in the United States during the 2005–2011 period. Using 3,120 observations, the panel analysis indicates net sales in period t is increased by $1.97, $9.59, and $4.01 with an addition of $1 in current debt, allocated equity, or unallocated equity in period t_‐1. Furthermore, the magnitude of the positive relationship of an additional dollar of allocated (unallocated) equity to net income is estimated at $0.32 ($0.14). We thus reject the notion managers and directors of farm producer organizations should decide to use debt or equity with a coin toss.     

THE RETURNS TO EDUCATION AND TRAINING: EVIDENCE FROM THE MALAYSIAN FAMILY LIFE SURVEYS

Abstract. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the private returns to education and training in the 1980s for a random sample of women in Malaysia. I estimate a Mincer type earnings function, augmented by information on the women's training experience. The results indicate that there are positive and economically significant returns to education and training. I also investigate the determinants of training and find that training participation is positively related to educational attainment, while if women are credit-constrained they are significantly less likely to undertake training.     

中国城市工业所有制结构多元化研究

在转型经济中,城市经济活力和竞争力源于多种经济类型并存的所有制结构。渐进式市场化改革推动了中国工业所有制结构的多元化,改变了城市工业所有制结构。沿海城市和省会城市所有制结构较为复杂,多元化程度高;内陆中小城市、矿业城市和重工业城市的所有制相对简单。统计分析表明,企业、产业与区位特定因素决定了城市所有制结构多元化程度。历史时期国有企业比重越高,企业数量越少,工业企业平均规模越大,则城市工业所有制结构就越简单;发达的第三产业将推动所有制结构多元化,而依托资源的工业经济将阻碍多种所有制经济的发展;城市经济规模大、人口密度高、交通网络发达以及沿海区位等有利于促进所有制结构的多元化,这也表明集聚效应能够吸引市场导向型企业向城市聚集。     

TERRORISM AND THE RETURNS TO OIL

The effect of terrorism on global oil prices has been largely explained through demand-side effects. We estimate an empirical model to re-examine the effect of terrorism on the price of global oil stocks across oil market regimes that reflect different supply constraints. We believe that terrorism will have larger impacts when global capacity is tight (i.e. when global demand is close to global supply). This means that any shock to capacity (say by conflict) should have the largest impact on profits before the first OPEC shock in the early 1970s. Since then, conflict shocks would not allow firms to exploit production in the same way, thus reducing the available profits that could be garnered by such production manipulation. If capacity constraints are binding when a conflict occurs, then we predict that a positive stock price reaction can be expected for oil firms from such a shock. We exploit a new panel dataset to investigate the relationship between oil profitability and conflict, using conflict data from the top 20 oil producing and exporting countries in the world. We show that in the later part of our sample, 1974–2005, as cartel behavior of OPEC member countries has diminished and as conflict has become more regular and thus the information surrounding it noisier, oil stock prices do not increase in response to conflict. However, in earlier capacity constrained eras, we find that oil stocks can in fact increase in response to conflict. In some cases, the impact of conflict may cause the return of oil stocks to increase by as much as 10 percentage points.     

国际友好城市与中国出口贸易*

作为正式协议和制度安排的重要补充,缔结国际友好城市关系加强了中外城市之间的信任和深层次交流,成为国际经济合作的重要催化剂和助推器。本文从外贸高质量发展视角切入,基于2002—2015年287个中国城市与136个国家或地区的匹配对数据,考察了国际友好城市形成的“朋友圈”是否以及如何影响城市间的出口贸易。研究发现：（1）缔结国际友好城市协议使得中国城市出口量和出口额分别提高了100%和116%。（2）国际友好城市的贸易促进效应更多源于贸易创造而非贸易转移。（3）除了影响出口集约边际,国际友好城市还从产品种类数和高技术行业所占比例等方面促进了出口扩展边际。（4）以非典和全球金融危机作为事件冲击,国际友好城市协议在一定程度上增强了中国城市出口的风险抵抗能力。（5）异质性分析结果表明,国际友好城市协议对非“一带一路”倡议国家与地理邻近国家或地区的出口促进效应更明显。以上结果得到了一系列稳健性检验的支持。本文的研究有助于全面认识国际友好城市的经济内涵以及探讨外贸高质量发展的新路径。     

RETURNS TO SCALE IN RETAIL TRADE*

This paper attempts to estimate genuine scale effects in retail trade from a cross section of retail stores in Israel. This is done by estimating a simple production function for several retail branches and employing the faithful old direct Cobb-Douglas structure with value added as output and labor and capital inputs. And indeed despite the well-known peculiarities of the retail industry, a cross section estimation produces “normal” production-function estimates with reasonable input elasticities. The estimates also identify marked increasing returns-to-scale parameters, higher in food and lower in branches less affected by consumer participation and geographical dispersion. These increasing returns may explain a good part of the increase in sales per unit of inputs observed in time series.     

MALE AND FEMALE MARRIAGE RETURNS TO SCHOOLING

A collective marriage matching model is estimated and calibrated to quantify the share of returns to schooling that is realized through marriage. The predictions of the model are matched with detailed Danish household data on the relationship between schooling and wage rates, the division of time and goods within the household, and the extent to which men and women sort positively on several traits in marriage. Counterfactual analysis conducted with the model suggests that Danish men and women are earning on the order of half of their returns to schooling through improved marital outcomes.