我国的信贷资源配置是有效的吗——基于我国上市公司投资效率视角的经验证据

作为我国企业最主要的资金来源,信贷资金在我国的国民经济中扮演着极其重要的角色,因此信贷资源配置质量的高低无疑将对我国的经济发展产生重要影响。本文以我国上市公司为研究对象,从企业投资效率的角度研究了我国的信贷资源配置效率问题。本文发现,处于过度投资状态的企业获得了更多的长期贷款;而且过度投资程度越大,它们获得的长期贷款越多。进一步的研究结果表明,企业的过度投资或投资不足的程度越大,企业价值越低。上述结果表明,我国的信贷市场是低效的,更多的信贷资源流向了处于过度投资状态的企业,而这类企业的价值较低,说明我国银行的资源配置功能较差。本文的研究丰富了信贷配给研究领域的文献,同时也为我国银行的信贷决策和我国的银行改革提供了参考依据。     

The role of borrowing in crisis coping among ultra-poor households in rural Bangladesh

In this study, we show how decisions to borrow from different formal and informal sources are associated with different types of disasters. We estimate the associations between loans from different sources using monthly panel data from Northern Bangladesh. Households borrow from different sources to cope with disasters. The cost of loans, however, may vary by the source of funds. MFI loans, while low in terms of interest cost, usually require a savings deposit, loan or application fee, with a longer trip or waiting time. Hence, households resort to loans from informal sources to deal with crises. We estimate the impulse responses of loans from different sources, which clearly show a hump-shape centring for the months of disasters. Pre-emptive loans are associated only with partially anticipated shocks. Aggregate shocks also limit how much households can borrow from their local peers. Our findings rationalise the roles played by both informal and formal micro-loans in crisis coping in Bangladesh, where the market for microfinance is ubiquitous. The development of the emergency credit market and the introduction of insurance services in rural areas will require the non-price costs of such financial products to be lowered.     

Depressed access to formal finance and the use of credit card debt in Chinese SMEs

SMEs (small and micro enterprises) in developing countries are in general financially depressed; business owners thus resort to other financial instruments (here, personal credit cards) when access to bank loans is prohibited. By investigating two different types of SMEs (namely, informal businesses and formal SMEs) in China, we find that SMEs turn to credit card debt as a substitute when they fail to obtain bank loans. Specifically, we find that households with informal businesses are more likely to use credit cards when their businesses are financially constrained. We also find that when financially constrained, formal SMEs are more likely to carry credit card debt and are also carrying more. This relationship persists after selection issues are addressed. However, credit card debt and bank loans are hardly perfect substitutes as these two instruments may function differently. Consistently, we find that even with bank loans, formal SMEs still carry substantial credit card debt. Additionally, compared to those with no fund need and thus no bank loan, formal SMEs with bank loans are carrying more credit card debt.     

1992-2010年中国信贷供给结构与经济波动——基于VAR模型分析

文章选取1992—2010年的季度数据,通过建立各变量的VAR模型和VEC模型,对我国信贷供给结构与经济波动的关系进行实证分析。研究结果表明:中长期贷款、短期贷款与产出没有格兰杰因果关系,其它贷款与产出存在着相互因果关系,同时,信贷供给结构各变量均不引起通货膨胀的变化,而通货膨胀是中长期贷款、短期贷款变化的原因;从信贷供给结构各变量来看,其它贷款是引起我国经济波动的主要原因;中长期贷款、短期贷款、其它贷款三者之间存在不同程度的相互影响。基于这些分析结论,文章提出若干信贷政策的建议。     

规模约束和资本约束下银行信贷管理研究

信贷管理是商业银行经营管理的核心内容,包括信贷规模管理和信贷合同管理两个方面,加强信贷规模管理和信贷合同管理是商业银行精细化管理的重要组成部分。在当前中央银行加强对商业银行规模控制以及实施新的《商业银行资本管理办法》的背景下,采用VAR方法和情景分析法实证分析了规模约束下和资本充足率约束下的信贷管理问题。结果发现：第一,规模约束直接影响商业银行的信贷规模,其中存款准备金率比存贷款利率对贷款规模影响显著,但存在4个月的时滞;第二,资本充足率约束直接影响到商业银行的信贷合同签订比例,按照新的资本管理办法,已签未贷合同需要增加资本金以覆盖其风险。     

The Effectiveness of Public Credit Guarantees in the Japanese Loan Market

This paper examines the effectiveness of public credit guarantee programs in not only increasing the availability of loans to small and medium enterprises (SMEs), but in also improving the ex-post performance of borrowing firms. Using a unique panel data set, we identify the effects of a massive credit guarantee program implemented by the Japanese government from 1998 to 2001. While we do find that the availability of loans increased for program participants, when loans were provided by undercapitalized banks the increased liquidity persisted for only a few years. Further, the ex-post performance of program participants, with the exception of firms with sizable net worth, deteriorated relative to their non-participating counterparts.     

财政奖励政策对农村金融机构信贷行为的影响——基于涉农贷款增量奖励政策的实证研究

涉农贷款增量奖励政策是将财政政策与信贷政策有机结合,发挥财政资金杠杆作用,促进金融资源优化配置,建立财政促进金融支农的一项重要举措.本文利用新疆70个县的涉农贷款、农户贷款、奖励资金数据,分别构造了自回归分布滞后（ADL）模型和面板数据（Panel Data）模型,并对财政奖励政策的金融机构信贷行为影响效应进行了检验,然后通过农村金融需求问卷调查结果对金融机构信贷行为的影响进行了进一步验证.结果表明：第一,财政奖励政策对县域金融机构涉农贷款和农户贷款的发放存在正向激励作用,但多个县域个体并未表现出显著的激励效应;第二,财政资金奖励政策对农户和农村企业的信贷需求满足度均有明显影响,但对农村信贷资金价格并未表现出显著的影响.     

Transmission of liquidity shock to bank credit: Evidence from the deposit insurance reform in Japan

Finding the causal effects of liquidity shocks on credit supply is complicated by the endogenous relation between loan demand and liquidity position of banks. This paper attempts to overcome this problem by exploiting, as a natural experiment, the exogenous deposit outflow prompted by the removal of a blanket deposit guarantee on time deposits in Japan. We find that during the period of transition from a blanket guarantee to a partial guarantee, weak banks suffered from a large outflow of partially insured time deposits. More importantly, we find that those weak banks were not able to raise a sufficient amount of other types of deposits to make up for the loss of time deposits, which, consequently, forced them to cut back on loan supply. These results are consistent with the theory that the imperfect substitutability of insured deposits and uninsured deposits affects the tightness of banks’ financing constraints and ultimately the supply of bank loans.     

多元利益驱动下地方政府对企业信贷的干预机制研究

地方政府干预企业信贷体现了多元利益驱动下地方政府对金融资源的竞争。本文首次同时结合财政激励、晋升激励以及腐败考察了政府利益对企业信贷规模、成本以及期限结构的影响。研究表明，政府利益会对企业贷款特征产生u型影响，其中财政激励对企业贷款特征的影响范围和程度最大，晋升激励和腐败的影响范围和程度相对较弱。进一步检验发现，政府利益给予国有控股企业的信贷优势表现在：财政激励会降低贷款利率和延长贷款期限，晋升激励会设定隐含的贷款利率上限，官员腐败程度的加深会引致贷款规模、贷款利率以及贷款期限先于非国企达到最值。基于金融危机的外生冲击分析表明，危机后地方政府较少因晋升激励和腐败干预企业信贷决策。     

Bank-moneylender linkage as an alternative to bank competition in rural credit markets

This paper proposes a new method in which banks and moneylenderscan link in rural credit markets. Banks and moneylenders, twoof the major lenders in rural credit markets, differ in theirinformation on borrowers and costs of funds. Due to informationconstraints, banks must deny further loans to borrowers whocannot repay a certain amount. In the linkage, these borrowersobtain loans from moneylenders, repay the banks, and have continuingaccess. We then evaluate conditions under which the linkagewould be preferred to bank competition and find that the linkagedominates for a wide range of parameters. In light of recentproposals to liberalize Indian banking, the analysis providesa cautionary note to the limits of introducing banking competitionin rural credit markets and provides an alternative.     

Information contents of collateral under heterogeneous borrower qualities on the bank loans market in China

We analyze the risk of default and provision of collateral for bank loans made to firms of varied credit qualities using a unique dataset obtained from a major state-owned commercial bank in China. Both high and low quality borrowers provide collateral more often than medium quality debtors do. Using models that explicitly incorporate heterogeneous borrower qualities, we find a positive relation between collateralization and risk of default for loans issued to debtors with low credit ratings. In contrast, collateral provided by debtors with high credit ratings is negatively associated with the risk of default. These results suggest that low quality borrowers may be required to provide collateral at the bank's request to mitigate moral hazard problem. On the other hand, high quality borrowers may provide collateral willingly to signal quality in order to mitigate adverse selection problem when competing for getting access to bank loans. Our findings shed new lights on different information contents of collateral on the bank loans market of China, and have important implications for banks in screening, contracting and monitoring the risk of commercial loans for clients with diverse credit qualities.     

投资效率对银行借款的影响——基于我国上市公司的经验证据

文章从企业投资效率的角度研究我国银行信贷的有效性问题。结果表明,过度投资的企业比投资不足的企业获得更多的长期贷款,短期借款则没有显著差异。对于过度投资企业来说,过度投资程度越大,企业获得的长期借款越多,短期借款没有显著差异;而对于投资不足的企业来说,投资不足程度对长期借款和短期借款都没有显著影响。文章的研究丰富了信贷资源配置方面的研究,也为我国银行的信贷决策和改革提供依据。     

宏观经济与银行不良贷款量相关性的实证分析

不良贷款和信贷风险一直是影响着金融市场稳定发展和经济增长的核心问题,牵系着国家经济命脉。后金融危机时代,我国信贷高增长引致了银行不良资产大量积聚的潜在风险。本文试图从宏观经济视角出发,分析影响不良资产形成的诸多因素,研究商业银行不良贷款的现状,并预测在全球经济逐渐回暖的背景下可能出现的变化趋势。     

Usury laws and private credit in Lima,Peru. Evidence from notarized records

I examine the impact of usury laws on the Peruvian credit market between 1825 and 1852. Using a new data set of nearly 2,000 loans from archival sources, I show that the repeal of colonial anti-usury laws in early 1833 had an important effect on the allocation of credit in Lima. It increased interest rates and promoted access to credit. Furthermore, lenders made loans with greater maturities after the repeal of usury laws.     

住房贷款与房地产价格关系的实证研究——来自深圳的证据

本文围绕住房贷款与住房价格的关系展开研究,将住房贷款与住房价格视为内生变量,将购买住房成本、二手住房价格、住房供求缺口、收入住房价格比视为外生变量,采用深圳市2006年1月至2008年5月的月度数据估计了包括2个内生变量、4个外生变量的VECM模型。实证结果表明：深圳住房贷款与住房价格之间存在长期均衡关系,中央银行信贷数量调控效果要优于利率价格调控效果,银行业住房信贷政策整体上讲是稳健的,基于此并针对有关结论提出了政策建议。     

房贷款风险保障机制的国际经验比较

中美个人住房抵押贷款保证保险风险保障机制的比较表明:良好的监管是保障机制的前提。当前中国房贷险的主要障碍是缺乏社会信用管理体系及信用风险的评估和防范经验,必须建立起实时有效的房贷险保障机制。     

物流企业开展融资物流业务的运作模式及风险防范研究

融资物流是客户为了获得银行贷款,利用物流企业的物流信息和物流监管,对其处于流通中的商品、存货进行短期信贷的新的融资方式。作为一项新型业务,融资物流给物流企业带来了与以往不同的风险,认识并控制好这些风险是融资物流业务开展成功的关键。文章从融资物流概念的提出着手,分析了融资物流可运作的模式,即仓单质押、运输在途监管、保兑仓、信用证下货权质押和银行贷款等模式,探讨了物流企业开展融资物流业务存在的风险,并提出了相应的对策。     

搞好小额农贷和信用村镇建设促进农村经济全面发展

小额信用贷款和信用村镇建设，是农村信用社在信贷管理体制上的一项重大改革，是促进农村信用环境建设的重要举借，要做好这项工作，必须做好农户信用评定等工作。     

Was the expansion of housing credit in Japan good or bad?

This paper shows, using data from the Family Income and Expenditure Survey, that housing credit has become increasingly available over time in Japan, especially since 2000, and that this has made it easier for Japanese households to purchase housing and enabled them to do so at an earlier age. However, it also shows that the greater availability of housing credit has increased households’ housing loan repayment burden, which has resulted in their cutting back on their other consumption expenditures and created the potential for retirement insecurity. Another concern is that the increasing availability of housing credit has been accompanied by a pronounced shift from fixed-rate to variable-rate housing loans. This is cause for concern given the low level of financial literacy that prevails among the Japanese population and the likelihood that interest rates on variable-rate housing loans will be raised sooner or later as monetary policy is tightened.     

农业信贷限制与发展模式初探

现在的农业信贷市场上存在着诸多问题,本文重点分析了贷款利率的上浮限制对农业贷款量的影响,指出在一定程度上影响了农业贷款的增长。并进一步从农户角度探讨了降低农业贷款风险的模式——农村合作经济组织,创新性地提出了农业贷款市场中存在的Backward bending,最后给出了相应的对策与建议。