The ranking of alternative tariff and quota policies in the presence of domestic monopoly

Bhagwati demonstrated the nonequivalence between tariffs and quotas in the presence of monopoly. This paper also assumes domestic production to be monopolized and shows that giving import licenses or tariff revenues to the domestic producer may raise or lower the welfare cost of protection and the price paid by consumers from the price under other tariff and quota arrangements which maintain the same market share for the domestic producer. However, if the monopolist realizes that commercial policy is an instrument used to maximize the policymaker's welfare function, instead of being a goal in itself, the equivalence of tariffs and quotas re-emerges.     

大数据垄断审查中隐私保护问题研究

在大数据时代,数据二元属性放大了隐私保护和竞争法的交叉问题,由此引发了大数据垄断审查是否干预隐私保护问题的激烈辩论。从国外大数据垄断审查是否应干预隐私保护问题的正反两方激辩入手,预判我国未来大数据垄断审查中隐私保护问题,得出目前竞争执法机构不应将隐私保护问题纳入大数据垄断审查的结论。     

"香港制造"胶着"零关税"

在"内地与香港的更紧密经贸关系安排"的框架下,港货入内地"零关税"能否实现?香港人可能会有点失望。 6月底,从外经贸部传来消息,原来预期今年底实施的内地、香港两地零关税措施,可能要延迟。香港财政司司长梁锦松与外经贸部的"更紧密经贸关系安排"高层会议原定     

On non-linear tariff schedules

A non-linear tariff is one in which the total tariff paid by an individual is not proportional to the amount he imports. In this paper, we analyze optimal non-linear tariffs set by a welfare-maximizing government subject to a revenue constraint. The optimal schedule consists of a two-part tariff over an initial range of imports, and a continuous schedule for further imports that satisfies a modified Ramsey rule.     

Welfare versus market access: The implications of tariff structure for tariff reform

We show that the effects of tariff changes on welfare and import volume are fully characterised by their effects on the generalised mean and variance of the tariff distribution, implying two “cones of liberalisation” in commodity price space. Because welfare is negatively but import volume positively related to the generalised variance, the cones do not intersect, which poses a policy dilemma. We present a new radial tariff reform rule, which implies new results for welfare- and market-access-improving tariff changes. Finally, we show that generalised and trade-weighted moments are mutually proportional when the trade expenditure function is CES.     

Coordinating tariff reduction and domestic tax reform

A key obstacle to fundamental tariff reform in many countries is the revenue loss that it ultimately implies. This paper establishes and explores a simple and practicable strategy for realizing the efficiency gains from tariff reform without reducing public revenue, showing that for a small economy a cut in import duties (respectively, export taxes) combined with a point-for-point increase in domestic consumption taxes (production taxes) increases both welfare and public revenue. Increasingly stringent conditions are required, however, to ensure unambiguously beneficial outcomes from this reform strategy when allowance is made for such important features of reality as non-tradeable final goods and tradeable intermediate inputs.     

数据调研垄断的背后

2008年10月,WPP以11亿英镑收购全球第三大市场研究公司TNS(法国索福瑞集团),与之相应,中国市场调研机构格局也随之大变,WPP垄断了中国广告业三大最主流市场调研机构。     

Australian tariff preferences for LDCs

In the course of the discussion of the tariff preferences granted by various developed nations to less developed countries (LDCs) it should be noted that it was Australla which first set up a comprising preference scheme. The author of this article outlines the scheme and appraises the Australlan experience.     

The national defense tariff argument reconsidered

What is a country's optimal trade policy when embargoes and other trade interruptions are threatening? In addressing this issue, the paper emphasizes the nature of adjustment impediments when an effective embargo forces the economy to alter its production pattern abruptly. A production subsidy on the imported good represents the optimal policy choice, a tariff being a second-best instrument. The tariff's superiority to free trade implies, in turn, that the conventional classification of the national defense tariff as a noneconomic argument is inappropriate since economic efficiency criteria alone can justify the tariff.     

抓住关税、退税调整后的机遇

从2006年起,机械工业将面临一些新的情况和新的问题,这些情况和问题,将对机械工业发展产生较大影响。一、进口关税和出口退税政策有所调整 1．汽车行业进口关税进一步降低经国务院批准,我国海关总署于2005 年12月27日发布公告,对《中华人民共     

Optimal tax and tariff policies with tax credits

This paper examines the optimal tax and tariff policies for a small open economy when mobile capital receives a tax credit for taxes paid to the host country. For a capital-importing country, a tax on capital equal to the source country tax rate (to capture tax revenue) combined with a subsidy to encourage capital imports is the optimal policy. Results are also derived for cases in which only one of the instruments can be varied. For a capital-exporting country that cannot reduce its capital tax rate, a subsidy to the sector using exported capital is desirable.     

The EEC tariff preferences for LDCs

The Council of Ministers of the European CommunIties decided on March 30, 1971, to put into effect on July 1, 1971, a system of general tariff preferences favouring the exports of manufactures and semimanufactures from developing countries. By taking this decision the European Communities have reaffirmed their leading role among the western industrialised countries.     

基于技术创新和技术垄断竞争的市场结构分析

本文从技术创新和技术垄断的角度分析了市场结构的形成过程,以及各种类型市场结构之间的转化区分技术创新竞争的不同类型,并分析了技术竞争的不同阶段对应不同的市场结构类型.研究了技术创新规模和成本的变化对其产品市场的结构的影响过程一从技术垄断者相互竞争博弈的角度分析了市场结构的稳定状态,从而推出技术垄断竞争是形成市场垄断的必要条件,而技术创新则是市场结构变化的主导因素.     

Export instability,monopoly power,and welfare

The welfare consequences of price instability for internationally traded goods critically depend on whether tariffs or marketing boards are present. For example, unlike in the free trade case, when the source of price instability is external, the importing country prefers price stability where trade is restricted by tariffs. The opposite is true, however, when trade is restricted by marketing boards.     

Tokyo round tariff reductions and the less developed countries

This paper presents new evaluations of the multilateral trade negotiations from the perspectives of (1) the objectives established by GATT signatories in the Tokyo Declaration, and (2) the LDCs’ goals for the negotiations. It also attempts to resolve some of the controversy over the gains and losses which MFN tariff reductions would generate for LDC exports, some but not all of which receive preferential access to advanced-country markets. The analysis indicates that even minor improvements in tariff preferences would have been superior to or have compensated for MFN tariff cuts.     

Lobbying and tariff formation: A deadweight loss consideration

This paper presents a model in which two organized groups spend real resources to influence a country's tariff policy. Being ‘small’ is shown to be advantageous in lobbying activities. The size of a group is measured by its share of national income. A small group bears only a small share of the deadweight loss which its lobbying and consequent deviation from free trade creates. Under plausible conditions, this advantage enables the smaller group engaged in lobbying to obtain trade restrictions which it views as beneficial.     

Imports,monopoly power,profits and exchange rates

This study uses pooled data on U.S. manufacturing industries and on U.S. imports to analyze the level of monopoly power and the restraining influence of the import penetration ratio at the industry level. In general, industries with higher levels of imports have lower levels of monopoly power. In addition, imports have a greater impact on industries with more monopoly power (i.e., higher concentration), even though the level of imports may be lower. Finally, the impact of imports on monopoly power appears to be increasing over time indicating that U.S. manufacturing has become significantly more competitive over the 1961 to 1984 period. (JEL F14, L12)