美加两国实施ITQs制度之比较及启示

个别可转让配额（ITQs）制度是当前国际渔业管理中比较有效的一种管理手段，我国新版《渔业法》所规定的捕捞限额制度同ITQs制度没有本质上的差别。为了严格控制捕捞强度，加大渔业资源和环境保护力度，实施制度优势明显的捕捞限额制度已成为今后我国渔业制度发展的一个必然趋势。鉴于此，本文分析了美加两国引入ITQs的原因、ITQs的发展、ITQ制度的设计及其结果，并结合我国的具体国情提出了自己的观点。     

美加两国实施ITQs制度之比较及启示

个别可转让配额(ITQs)制度是当前国际渔业管理中比较有效的一种管理手段,我国新版<渔业法>所规定的捕捞限额制度同ITQs制度没有本质上的差别.为了严格控制捕捞强度,加大渔业资源和环境保护力度,实施制度优势明显的捕捞限额制度已成为今后我国渔业制度发展的一个必然趋势.鉴于此,本文分析了美加两国引入ITQs的原因、ITQs的发展、ITQ制度的设计及其结果,并结合我国的具体国情提出了自己的观点.     

从金融交易成本看合作金融制度的效率

合作金融制度与商业银行制度是现代存款金融机构系统的两大制度体系。合作金融制度是有效率的吗如果是，为什么它未能取代商业银行制度如果不是，为什么它亦未被商业银行制度所替代进一步说，合作金融制度与商业银行制度能够在长期的激烈竞争中并存和发展，必然有其各自的优势领域。那么，合作金融制度和商业银行制度各自在哪些活动领域有效率在哪些活动领域无效率。一、金融制度效率的含义金融制度效率准确地说是指某种金融制度的收益与该制度的运行成本之比。用公式表示为：金融制度效率＝金融制度收益／金融制度成本新制度经济学分析方法…     

土地登记与用途管制的制度关联性分析:一个系统论的视角

研究目的:对土地制度系统中的关键制度——土地登记制度与用途管制制度的制度关联性进行分析,揭示制度关联性对土地制度演进变革的影响。研究方法:比较研究法与理论模型法。研究结果:(1)土地登记与用途管制在生态用地与耕地保护方面存在明显交集,且具有不同的表现形式;(2)在不同的场域中,土地登记制度与用途管制的制度关联性特征不同;(3)土地登记制度与用途管制制度的演进绩效性质不同,并且制度关联性影响其演进。研究结论:制度关联性影响土地制度的演进或变革,土地制度改革时应当强调土地制度的顶层设计,关注土地登记制度与用途管制制度之间的关联性。     

论自然资源绿色使用法律制度的构建

自然资源的使用制度,主要表现为非所有人的使用权制度,但是也与自然资源国家所有权的结构性设计具有重要关系。引导自然资源使用者保护生态环境、追求生态效益的制度设计,可以称为自然资源绿色使用制度,这种制度的构建可以从自然资源产权创新制度、自然资源配置与流转制度、自然资源价值评价与核算制度、自然资源税费及价格制度、自然资源使用生态损害与补偿制度、自然资源社会化管理制度等六个大的方面考量,具体包括区分国有公物与国有私物制度、自然资源分级所有与分别代表制度、自然资源附条件型行政许可制度、自然资源生态损害赔偿制度、参与式自然资源生态预算制度、权利人和社区共同管理制度等二十多项制度。     

加快完善新农保制度的思考——以江苏省泰州市为例

十八届三中全会提出"建立更加公平可持续的社会保障制度",新农保制度作为农民养老制度再次引起各级政府部门的重视。课题组结合泰州市新农保制度实际发展情况,分析制度运行中存在的问题,提出新农保制度与其他养老保险制度相衔接;建立个人缴费与人均收入相挂钩、政府补助与经济发展水平相协调的自然增长机制;探索基金保值增值的新途径等建议,对进一步完善新农保制度的建设具有一定借鉴意义。     

我国矿产资源有偿使用制度演化的博弈分析

通过运用博弈论的思想与方法,分析我国矿产资源有偿使用制度的演化.现存矿产资源税费制度是有偿使用制度演化的基础,构成参与主体利益博弈的基本规则,决定了制度的演化方向和演变结果,因而制度是博弈的基础,也是利益博弈的结果.短期来看,有偿使用制度的演化将是资源税和补偿费各自在局部范围内进行调整,不会向统一或合并方向发展;长期来讲,有偿使用制度的演化必将涉及矿产资源财产制度的修改与完善,建立与市场经济相适应和与国际惯例相符合的财权制度,但这种制度如何建立还有待进一步进行综合研究.     

林地与农地制度变革的比较：产业特性的视角

土地制度改革一直是关系农村发展及社会稳定的重大问题。本文从产业特性的差异出发，对改革开放后林地与衣地制度改革路径中的制度安排与改革影响进行了比较，认为制度安排具有与产业特性相容的内在诉求，由于产业特性差异，林地制度对农地制度的简单复制难以凑效且不可持续，深化集体林权制度改革需要重视对林业特征的考察。     

制度逻辑与组织策略：对农村地区基本公共卫生服务制度执行偏差的一种新解释

基本公共卫生服务制度是一项保障全体人民健康、实现健康公平的重要制度安排，但该项制度在农村地区的执行成效与制度期待具有较大张力，存在制度执行偏差。本文搭建了“制度逻辑-组织策略”的研究框架，力图为该问题提供一种新的解释。本文发现：基本公共卫生服务制度具有多重逻辑，当该项制度嵌入基层医疗组织形成的组织场域时，制度的多重逻辑与基层医疗组织的实践逻辑产生了冲突，给基层医疗组织带来较大制度压力。为缓解制度压力，基层医疗组织采用“拼凑应对”的组织策略实现与基本公共卫生服务制度的适度脱耦，并在这一过程中通过关系动员的方式完成了合法性重建。这一系列的策略行动导致了制度执行偏差。因此，应以价值路径的重塑探寻矫正基本公共卫生服务制度执行偏差的可能方向，缓释制度工具逻辑与价值逻辑之间的张力，实现国家、社区与农村居民的健康共治，以回应制度的内在价值诉求。     

制度、制度安排与中国农地制度创新（二）──制度选择及变迁方式的经济学分析

制度、制度安排与中国农地制度创新（二）──制度选择及变迁方式的经济学分析《农村土地制度改革》课题组三、中国农地制度创新：需求与供给关于制度安排的需求与供给的理论分析以及对１９７９年以前中国农地制度安排历史总结的现实意义，在于寻求一种新的土地制度安排，...     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.