21世纪初期中日经济关系及未来走向

进入21世纪以来,中日经济关系在许多方面发生了新的变化,日本经济增长对中国的依赖程度越来越高,中日经贸合作继续平稳发展.中日两国在进出口结构上不存在明显对立的竞争关系,更多的是一种互补关系,两国经济的健康发展对于双方来说都是有利的.随着日本经济逐渐复苏,中国经济的开放程度进一步提高,中日经济关系将迎来全面发展的新时期.中日经济合作关系的前景取决于推动中日经济合作力量与制约中日经济合作力量的变化.     

Challenges for nursing in the 21st century

Nurse leaders face a myriad of challenges in the 21st century such as nursing workforce shortages, negative affectivity, generation workforce concerns, changing delivery systems, and increasing clinical practice complexity, to name a few. Visionary and strategic thinking centered on patients' well-being are needed to tackle these challenges and shape a more humane and compassionate health care system.     

The pharamaceutical laboratory of the 21st century

This article lays out a wide range of factors influencing the future of a traditional laboratory to suggest how social, economic, political and industrial forces, as well as traditional scientific and technological developments, may radically alter the laboratory of the future.     

Sustainable global automobile transport in the 21st century: An integrated scenario analysis

Transport represents a significant threat to long-term sustainable development, and is one of the fastest-growing consumers of final energy and sources of greenhouse gas emissions. Moreover, transport is heavily reliant on petroleum, a limited resource that is also associated with geopolitical risks to security of supply. Together, threats to the global environment and limited resource availability warrant a closer examination of possible pathways to a sustainable transport system. This study describes a sustainable automobile transport scenario based on the SRES B2 scenario, but with key demographic and economic drivers updated to incorporate developments between 1990 and 2000, and revisions to population projections. Multiple sustainable development objectives are incorporated, including: i) continuing economic growth, with a moderate reduction in disparities in income between different world regions; ii) maintaining a buffer of oil and gas resources to enhance security of energy supply, both globally and in vulnerable regions; iii) abating greenhouse gas emissions to ensure atmospheric CO₂ concentrations do not exceed double pre-industrial levels; and iv) ensuring global mobility demands are met, without resorting to assumptions about a large counter-trend shift to public transport or lower travel demand. We then explore the technological, economic, fuel production and infrastructure implications of realizing this scenario over the long term. This provides a number of policy insights by identifying critical developments required for the emergence of a sustainable global passenger transport and energy system.     

Moving the census into the 21st century

The author reviews some issues of concern to the U.S. Bureau of the Census as it adapts to changing technologies and increased demand for its services. Topics covered include improvements in turnaround time between data collection and publication, expansion of services, data delivery, and targeting data users. Particular attention is given to how to improve the data collected through the census.     

21世纪管理环境与管理科学的大趋势

管理根植于社会经济的土壤,管理环境与管理科学的发展也取决于社会经济的需求拉动与发展推动,要分析21世纪管理环境与管理科学的大趋势,必希以社会经济环境的变化预测为前提。     

Technological prospects toward the 21st century: The case of Toshiba Corporation

Growth of industry has been driven by technology innovation and is expected to turn into a new phase through creative technology innovation. The recent technology environment, however, has changed drastically. Instead of a technology breakthrough, which has played a leading part so far, fusion and integration of technologies will be key to future technology innovation. In this article Toshiba's case is introduced with regard to technological prospects in the fields of electronics, electric energy, and environment. Investment in research and development (R&D) increases rapidly along with the advance of technology. Strategic alliance that utilizes each partner's strength will be one of the options in the company's R&D management. Examples of international research collaboration are described in this article.     

Global GDP shares in the 21st century — An equilibrium approach

Using a 9-region model of the world economy, we investigate the implications of the diffusion of total factor productivity (TFP) for global GDP shares during the 21st century. The nine regions are: Africa, Asia (excluding China, India and Japan), China, Europe, India, Japan, Latin America, North America and Oceania. According to our projections, TFP catch-up at a plausible rate implies that the share of the high-income regions will more than halve by 2050 and almost halve again in the subsequent 50 years. These projected shares are little affected by variations in demographic outcomes, saving behaviour and international capital flows, but are reduced substantially should TFP catch-up be slower.     

21世纪世界石油市场走势与中国石油安全

21世纪的石油市场将呈现出以下态势 :世界石油资源仍比较充裕 ,但需求的不断上涨将使其供应趋向紧张 ;石油价格保持低价缓升的趋势 ,但具有发生较大波动的可能性 ;世界石油生产和消费的地理分布不平衡将更加突出 ;中东石油在世界石油市场的“生力军”地位将更加突出 ,而中亚石油则将成为一匹“黑马”;世界石油市场的垄断性、投机性也将日趋增强。中国今后由于一方面受后备资源的限制 ,石油产量不可能有较大提高 ;另一方面石油需求增速过快 ,供需缺口将日趋增大 ,石油安全不容乐观     

21世纪中国零售业变革趋势

进入21世纪,随着市场经济进程的加快和知识经济的到来,加上外国零售商业的示范作用,中国零售业将会发生前所未有的变化。业态的调整与业态结构的优化对商业的发展起到关键性甚至决定性作用,百货商店、超级市场、连锁店、仓储商场等业态,是20世纪商业业态的成功典范。21世纪是传统业态与新兴业态复合的时代,以新型商业中心、全功能     

Technology at the beginning of the 21st century1

We are science and technology heading in the decades ahead? All leading industrial nations have been looking for plausible answers to this question. Government agencies and industry—particularly in Japan and the US—have been carrying out technological studies in recentyears to gather facts and arguments for their research planning. An interdisciplinary working group commissioned by the German Federal Research Minister brought together several R&D programme managing agencies under the auspices of the Karlsruhe-based Fraunhofer Institute for Systas and Innovation Research (ISI) to prepare a futures study of science and technology in the German context.     

Technology at the beginning of the 21st century1

We are science and technology heading in the decades ahead? All leading industrial nations have been looking for plausible answers to this question. Government agencies and industry—particularly in Japan and the US—have been carrying out technological studies in recentyears to gather facts and arguments for their research planning. An interdisciplinary working group commissioned by the German Federal Research Minister brought together several R&D programme managing agencies under the auspices of the Karlsruhe-based Fraunhofer Institute for Systas and Innovation Research (ISI) to prepare a futures study of science and technology in the German context.     

Taxation for the 21st century: the automated payment transaction (APT) tax

This paper examines the desirability and feasibility of replacing the present system of personal and corporate income, sales, excise, capital gains, import and export duties, gift and estate taxes with a single comprehensive revenue neutral Automated Payment Transaction (APT) tax. In its simplest form, the APT tax consists of a flat tax levied on all transactions. The tax is automatically assessed and collected when transactions are settled through the electronic technology of the banking/payments system. The APT tax introduces progressivity through the tax base since the volume of final payments includes exchanges of titles to property and is therefore more highly skewed than the conventional income or consumption tax base. The wealthy carry out a disproportionate share of total transactions and therefore bear a disproportionate burden of the tax despite its flat rate structure. The automated recording of all APT tax payments by firms and individuals eliminates the need to file tax and information returns and creates a degree of transparency and perceived fairness that induces greater tax compliance. Also, the tax has lower administrative and compliance cost. Like all taxes, the APT tax creates new distortions whose costs must be weighted against the benefits obtained by replacing the current tax system.     

21世纪新浪潮与世界经济新趋势

本文阐述一条新的发展道路——东方之道。西方文明的衰落预示“世界中心的转移”,而投机浪潮的高涨则引发当代“看东方”的新趋势。90年代以来 ,赌场资本主义的弊病日益加剧 ,美国“新经济”的“泡沫相”日益突出 ,反对美国型“经济全球化”的呼声日益高昂。紧随全球化浪潮而来的将是银色浪潮和绿色浪潮 ,它将根本改变思维方式和生活方式 ,并使世界面貌大为改观。最后 ,本文提出大开发、大融合、大发展战略的若干思路     

Capitalism and democracy in the 21st century: a Kaleckian interpretation of a Schumpeterian problem

The paper reinterprets Schumpeter's views on the dynamic effects of taxation, as originally expressed in Crisis of the Tax State, from a Kaleckian perspective. In light of Schumpeter's rejection of Keynesian and Marshallian approaches to taxation, the paper argues that a recently developed Kaleckian approach provides an appropriate basis from which to analyse the effects on the business cycle of balanced changes in the structure of taxation. It is shown that, under certain shifting assumptions, increases in the taxation of wages or profits will stimulate investment and attenuate the amplitude of the business cycle. Ultimately, the shifting of taxes reduces to a conflict over income shares. The changing distribution of income in the United Kingdom in recent years suggests that investment is likely to remain sluggish unless there is a significant reversal of income shares. This may give rise to increasing economic and political tensions into the 21st century.