Ecotour Guide Training in Less Developed Countries: Some Preliminary Research Findings

This paper presents a critical discussion of the internationally prevailing understanding of the concept 'sustainable tourism'. It is argued that the current focus on stationary activities and local, intensive environmental issues is too limited both in relation to the concept of tourism and the concept of sustainable development. There is no tourism without travel. And, as shown in a Norwegian research study, tourist travel is a major source of serious environmental problems. The paper emphasises that sustainable tourism should be linked to a concept of sustainable mobility. However, this mobility would imply not only a change in the means of transport but also a reduced level of mobility in the rich part of the world. As this would entail new forms of tourism, other than those solely based on auto- and aeromobility, it represents a major challenge for the future development of tourism.     

Sustainable Tourism Development in Developing Countries: Some Aspects of Energy Use

Tourism has, in recent years, received increasing attention as a low-impact, non-consumptive development option, in particular for developing countries. This positive view contrasts with the fact that major parts of the tourist industry have remained harmful to the environment and that some aspects, like the use of energy and its global consequences have virtually been excluded from the discussion on sustainable tourism development. In this article, the evolution of tourism paradigms is reviewed with a focus on developing countries. It is shown that tourism has become of prime economic importance for many developing countries, in particular small island states. However, as the cash income generated by tourism is mainly derived from visitors coming from industrialised countries, who have to rely on air travel to arrive at their destination, the issue of energy use is analysed from an ecological perspective. It is shown that the tourism-related use of fossil fuels is significant and has detrimental environmental consequences. Afforestation programmes are discussed as a strategy to overcome the negative effects associated with the emission of greenhouse gases. Overall, it is claimed that energy use is an issue that urgently needs to be integrated into the discourse on sustainable tourism development.     

旅行社与导游委托代理模型解析

旅行社和导游之间是典型的委托一代理关系,导游的工作特征使得旅行社对其监督的成本很高,也就是说旅行社很难观测到导游的努力水平.本文根据委托一代理理论.构建经济模型说明,在这种情况下,旅行社与导游不会改变他们之间现有的报酬模式,因为这是一种满足了参与约束与激励相客约束的均衡结果.而旅游行政管理者要做的就是完善现有的导游报酬机制.特别是要通过制度设计与行政手段来解决导游监督、回扣等问题.     

发达国家假日旅游谋划

在发达国家(地区),假日旅游已经成为促进本国(地区)经济发展的一大推动力,同时也成为公民生活不可或缺的一个组成部分.     

海峡两岸暨香港导游管理体制比较与启示

导游管理体制规定着导游资源配置的基本原则和方式方法。文章采用比较研究方法,依据大陆与香港、台湾现行导游管理法规条文,对海峡两岸暨香港导游管理体制模式进行了系统对比和分析。研究发现,海峡两岸暨香港导游管理因所处社会发展阶段、所依托旅游业发展模式不同,形成各具特色的发展路径和模式。其中,香港特区政府将导游职业管理权限赋予完全市场组织,政府只在立法与执法层面发挥作用;我国台湾地区主管部门导游管制强调采用市场方式,同时特别注重各主管部门间的分工协作,形成"协同治理"的管理模式。由此提出建议,大陆导游管理体制改革要强化市场机制主体地位,淡化行政管制措施,以及大力培育导游协会等中介组织,促进导游走职业化发展道路。     

高尔夫旅游发展模式研究

本文在考察《Golf Magazine》全球TOP100球场中高尔夫旅游组合发展情况的基础上,对高尔夫旅游发展模式的概念、特点以及在我国的发展现状进行了分析,并运用Delphi法和AHP法构建了高尔夫旅游发展模式影响因素指标体系,通过多类型相关专业人士的深入访谈以及多次不同地域典型球场的实地调研,分析我国高尔夫旅游球场发展影响关键因素,为我国高尔夫旅游发展模式选择和健康运营提供有益借鉴和探索。     

参与式乡村旅游开发模式探讨

参与式乡村旅游是农民参与旅游开发的重要形式．它能从根本上增加农民的收入，增加农村就业机会，有利于农村产业结构的调整；同时通过乡村旅游的开发建设，能够加速乡村非农化进程，增强农民环保意识，促进乡村城镇化的发展，最终实现乡村经济社会可持续发展的目标。在乡村旅游开发中有多种模式可以选择，但注重社区和居民参与的开发模式是最佳选择。只有通过对社区和居民的教育、培训和管理，增强居民的旅游服务意识，提高服务水平，树立市场营销理念，才能保证参与式乡村旅游沿着可持续的道路发展。     

对建立合理的导游人员职业机制问题的探讨

对导游人员的管理一直是一个世界性难题,文章从我国的具体国情出发,对建立合理的导游人员职业机制问题进行了研究。文章在阐述了当前的导游人员职业机制和分析其不合理之处的基础上,构建了一个以导游人员报酬机制为核心、同时兼及导游人员的隶属机制和日常管理机制的合理的导游人员职业机制模型,并在分析这一模型的基础上,对我国的导游人员管理机制改革进行了探讨。     

Developing a Novel Hybrid Model for Industrial Environment Analysis: A Study of the Gourmet and Tourism Industry in Taiwan

This study applies fuzzy set theory in attempting to evaluate important attributes of the tourism and gourmet business environment in Taiwan. This business environment is composed of various attributes that are difficult to measure. To overcome these challenges, we integrated the fuzzy Delphi method, the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory method, and the analytic network process to evaluate the business environment. We found that the most significant aspect of the tourism and gourmet business environment is human resources and that the least significant aspect of this industry is market development. The most significant criteria are enhanced industry competitiveness and opportunities to develop the industry.     

Consumer-Defined Dimensions for the Escorted Tour Industry Segment:

Using issues defined by tour participants, underlying dimensions of escorted tours were developed for pre- and post-tour evaluations and importances. Expectation dimensions emphasized itinerary issues whereas pre-tour importances concentrated on value, comfort, and safety. The items that make up these factors should be combined in the primary post-tour promotions. Personal enjoyment issues were combined in the primary post-tour satisfaction dimension whereas itinerary issues combined to create the primary post-tour importance factor. Tour designs should ensure that personal enjoyment issues are satisfied but should attempt to continually improve itineraries to better satisfy tour participants.     

云南石林景点导游作为景观的旅游建构

文章在人类学田野调查基础上,以云南石林景点导游作为旅游景观的建构为切入点,梳理20世纪80年代以来政府对民族身份、性别在导游准入、导游管理中的认识和变化,以及导游自身的文化展演和符号行为等,以此呈现人、人的景观被规范到自然景现中,从而成为共同旅游景观的这一实践过程,并透过这一过程反映当地人的旅游实践.同时,在中国的文化背景和脉络下,对大众旅游表现出的不同意涵,该个案希望能提供一些有意义的启示.     

都市旅游研究:多维透视与发展模式

都市旅游的发展是与时俱进的.本文运用多学科、跨学科的方法论判明其发展的态势,剖析其多维的特质,探讨其模式的转化,并提出深度开发的对策,以冀用科学的发展观来把握未来都市旅游发展的脉搏.     

Tour Leader Attachment and Customer Citizenship Behaviors in Group Package Tour: The Role of Customer Commitment

The tour leader plays a critical role in travel decisions. Recently, the attachment theory has been extended into the domain of travel behavior. However, little academic attention has been paid to the attachment of tour leader. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of tour leader attachment on customer citizenship behaviors (CCBs). Furthermore, the study investigated the extent to which customer commitment mediates the relationship between tour leader attachment and CCBs. Online survey data from 459 tourists indicate that tour leader attachment is positively related to CCBs. Furthermore, customer commitment mediates the relationship between tour leader attachment and CCBs. Implications of these findings as well as future research are subsequently discussed.     

Capacity management for hospitality and tourism: A review of current approaches

In this article we provide a review of current capacity management approaches applicable to hospitality and tourism enterprises. While many of the traditional methodologies involve closed-form analytical calculations, newer methods have been developed that address more complex problems. These more recent methods include the creative use of mixed models such as those that integrate visitor-preference and operations-research models, linear programming, and simulation models. We consider the full range of methodologies, the advantages and disadvantages, and potential applications to both physical and human capacity estimation. We highlight the ways that various leisure industries can benefit from different approaches to capacity management.     

Consumerism in Sustainable Tourism: A Survey of UK Consumers

This article presents the results of a survey of tourism consumers from the Destinations Travel Show in the UK in 2000. Four hundred and eleven tourism consumers were interviewed over four days at the show on the type of information that they used in the selection of their holiday destination. This article posits that the power of the consumer can be a major force for progress towards greater sustainability by the tourism industry, acting as a rationale for change, which is often missing from more traditional planning, management or regulatory techniques. The research shows consumers are already making decisions based on environmental, social and economic quality for day-to-day products and are keen to transfer these habits to the purchase of tourism products. Recommendations are made, highlighting the need for the tourism industry to capitalise on this demand for a wider range of product information and so promote moves towards greater levels of sustainability in the industry.     

可持续旅游开发多中心管理模式研究——以湖泊旅游为例

旅游开发必须建立在科学的管理模式下,才能确保资源环境的可持续利用.而作为常见的旅游开发形式,湖泊旅游具有较强的环境敏感性和生态脆弱性.本文以此为着眼点,系统论述了可持续目标下的旅游开发过程中的多中心管理模式,阐明了各行为主体的职能与关联,并就我国当前湖泊旅游开发管理的若干关键问题提出了建议和对策,尤其深入地针对一些流行观点进行了再认识.     

Insights into Sustainable Tourists in Austria: A Data-based A Priori Segmentation Approach

An excellent market-driven way to successfully implement sustainable tourism in a destination is to find a segment of tourists or potential tourists interested in the unique natural beauty of the destination, willing to preserve it, and who are also highly attractive in terms of high expenditures, long stays, high return rate, high recommendation rate etc. The first step in seeking these visitors is through investigation of sustainable market segments. So far, only a few studies have systematically searched for 'eco-segments'or sustainable tourist groups and described them. This paper reviews the usefulness of such approaches, examines past studies investigating potential target segments and describes the group of summer tourists in Austria who care about maintaining the natural environment. The results suggest that this group of visitors has some highly attractive characteristics and is very large, thus offering a sound basis for additional sustainable niche segment creation.