Ecotourism Benefits and the Role of Local Guides at Masoala National Park,Madagascar

An investigation of ecotourism at Masoala National Park, a forested coastal area in northeastern Madagascar and the country’s largest national park, focused on ecotourism benefits and the role of local guides in promoting conservation awareness. Interviews, participant observation, and archival research were used to investigate the park’s guide association, resident attitudes toward Masoala National Park, and ecotourism as a method of park and rural development. Many factors make Masoala National Park a prime ecotourist destination, including the possibility of viewing its endemic species, such as red-ruffed lemurs. The park has a strong local guides’ association and currently combines conservation and development through a programme that returns a portion of tourism revenue to local communities. Actual or potential benefits received from the park, including ecotourism revenues, were found to influence the positive and negative perceptions of Masoala National Park held by residents living in the park periphery. However, limitations on ecotourism development include poor infrastructure and difficult access, a challenging climate including a hurricane season, and past national political instability.     

Environmentally Responsible Behavior in Ecotourism: Exploring the Role of Destination Image and Value Perception

Creating more environmental awareness among tourists and inducing environmentally responsible behavior is an essential precondition for, as well as consequence of, ecotourism. The aim of this study is to explore what role destination image and value perception play in shaping environmentally responsible behavior. A survey involving 332 valid questionnaires was conducted at an ecological area in Southern Taiwan. The results of structural equation modeling show that the cognitive image of the eco-site induces environmentally responsible behavior via its affective image and tourists' perceived value. Affective image and perceived value can subsequently enhance the environmental consciousness of tourists and their specific concern for the ecological environment, thus enhancing their environmentally responsible behavior at the eco-site. With environmentally responsible behavior an essential aspect in ecotourism, this study emphasizes destination image and value perception as important antecedents to environmentally responsible behavior. The study concludes with managerial suggestions.     

社会导游、导游服务公司及旅行社之间法律关系的廓清

区分劳动关系与劳务关系,在司法实务中历来是一个难题.笔者从一个具体案例出发,通过界定术语、分析区别标准,认为社会导游与旅行社之间成立劳务关系,而不是劳动关系;社会导游与导游服务公司之间成立居间关系,而不能成立劳动关系.并且,进一步分析了<劳动合同法>等实施后对社会导游与旅行社、导游服务公司之间法律关系的影响.     

The Role of Private Wildlife Reserves in Nicaragua's Emerging Ecotourism Industry

Ecotourism promises to be the fastest growing segment of Nicaragua's fledgling tourist industry, which is already the country's second highest generator of foreign exchange. Development of a lucrative ecotourism industry offers a unique opportunity for Nicaragua to unify economic growth with natural resource stewardship in a single sustainable development strategy. However, as ecotourism is largely dependent on protected area systems, the current condition of Nicaragua's public protected area system is a major obstacle to the industry's development. Limited by inadequate public financing, the establishment of private wildlife reserves can compliment Nicaragua's under-developed public protected area system, further enhancing the desirability of Nicaragua as an ecotourist destination. The opportunities and constraints of private reserve establishment are examined in this study of Nicaragua's first legally recognised private wildlife reserve.     

生态旅游内涵再论——兼与郭舒先生商榷

生态旅游在世界范围内发展迅速 ,对生态旅游的概念内涵如何理解存在不同观点。文章阐述了生态旅游的产生背景 ,对生态旅游的主体行为进行了分析后 ,综合性地给出了生态旅游的内涵 ,同时 ,简要地分析了生态旅游资源、生态旅游产品和生态旅游的分类。     

The Question of Scale in Ecotourism: Case Study of Two Small Ecotour Operators in the Mundo Maya Region of Central America

The issue of scale in ecotourism is addressed, with specific reference to the relative costs and benefits of large versus small-scaled development, tour groups, and tour operators. A case study of two small ecotour businesses operating in the Mundo Maya region of Central America provides pertinent insights through comparison of their organisation, tours, owners opinions, impacts and issues pertaining to the Mundo Maya business environment. Results shed light on important policy, planning and marketing questions relating to ecotourism and sustainable development in this destination, and on the general issue of scale. A framework for research and evaluation of the issue of scale in ecotourism is advanced.     

严格导游准入制度与健全导游管理体制的探讨

目前,由于导游准入制度体系存在缺陷,旅游市场管理体制仍待完善,导游整体素质亟待提高等深层次的问题日益凸显。文章主要剖析这一现象的成因,提出严格导游员准入制度,建立健全旅游管理机制及相关法律法规体系,以提高导游整体素质,提升导游服务质量。     

Ecotourism and the Myth of Indigenous Stewardship

This paper questions the legitimacy of ecological stewardship as an innate characteristic of traditional societies, a widely held belief in much academic work on ecotourism and manifest in ecotourism operations. Evidence from biologists, archaeologists and anthropologists is used to show that traditional societies found it difficult to manage resources in a sustainable way, with over-utilisation as the norm. Armed with this knowledge, the paper argues that there may be serious philosophical and operational problems inherent in packaging aboriginal ecotourism as having a superior environmental ethic, and a need for further research and changed management practices.     

关于准入制度与导游管理体制的思考

很多研究从不同视角就导游管理问题进行了深入探讨,提出的对策主要是两个方面:严格导游职业准入制度和完善相关管理体制。文章认为,职业准入制度的主要功能对于解决我国导游服务中存在的市场机会主义问题并不具有针对性,对于真正实现导游数量控制、提高导游服务质量作用有限。加强监管的思路是合理的,但如何监管需考虑行业管理制度与企业微观机制的衔接和相互影响,从制度建设方面引导旅行社自身组织结构优化。从市场关系看,导游具有独立性,又对旅行社具有从属性,旅行社才是市场责任主体,其追求利益的方式影响企业组织结构,决定了旅行社与导游之间的关系,进而影响导游的行为和服务质量。旅游行业管理应该建立以旅行社为核心的行业治理模式,明确和强化旅行社的质量责任主体地位,促进导游服务质量提升。     

基于Web of Science的社区生态旅游研究进展

中国当下边疆旅游、乡村旅游与旅游扶贫的快速发展亟待理论支撑.社区生态旅游(CBET)聚焦于欠发达地区的生物多样性保护和可持续发展,在国际社会已形成相对成熟、不断进化的知识领域.以Web of Science中1991—2014年484篇相关文献为研究对象,运用文献计量工具CiteSpaceⅢ绘制文献共被引和关键词共现网络知识图谱,重点考察转折点、高突现及高被引文献,厘清CBET的发展脉络、热点与趋势.研究发现:(1)CBET研究可分3阶段,即1991—1998年的萌芽期、1999—2007年的蓄势期及2008—2014年的发展期;(2)CBET研究涉及多个学科,生态-环境学是开拓与推动者,休闲-旅游学是实践引领者,社会-人类学是人本主义关怀的彰显者;(3)CBET25年发展历程中研究区域、对象、主体、热点、路径、方法不断演进,学科多元化、涉益方多维化研究趋势突出.质疑中求索的科学精神、本土化经验的理论提升是对中国未来CBET研究的两点重要启示.     

云南石林景点导游作为景观的旅游建构

文章在人类学田野调查基础上,以云南石林景点导游作为旅游景观的建构为切入点,梳理20世纪80年代以来政府对民族身份、性别在导游准入、导游管理中的认识和变化,以及导游自身的文化展演和符号行为等,以此呈现人、人的景观被规范到自然景现中,从而成为共同旅游景观的这一实践过程,并透过这一过程反映当地人的旅游实践.同时,在中国的文化背景和脉络下,对大众旅游表现出的不同意涵,该个案希望能提供一些有意义的启示.     

生态旅游概念识别及其比较研究--对中外40个生态旅游概念的定量分析

伴随着生态旅游的快速发展而涌现出的大量生态旅游概念使旅游研究者和旅游利益相关者对生态旅游概念产生了困惑.这种困惑使生态旅游的核心标准和规则在实际的应用中被扭曲和误用.本文运用内容分析的方法,通过对中外当代近10-15年内40个有影响力的生态旅游概念的分析,提炼出生态旅游概念架构所遵循的8个标准规则,它们是:以自然为基础、对保护的贡献、当地社区受益、环境教育、道德规范与责任、可持续性、旅游享受体验和文化.并以这些标准规则为基础,对中外生态旅游的概念进行比较,得出中国未来的生态旅游研究应更加关注旅游目的地管理的结论.     

Environmental Impact of Ecotourism in Kibale National Park,Uganda

A study was carried out in Kibale National Park in Uganda to assess the impacts of recreation on camping sites and nature trails in the wet and dry seasons. Nine physical parameters were examined at nine camping sites and four parameters on nature trails. All camping sites experienced more or less similar degradation in the wet and dry seasons with the impact in the dry season being slightly higher. The nature trails were under moderate erosion, which was highly associated with slope and vegetation. The impacts in Kibale National Park were in many ways similar to those reported in the national parks of the UK, USA and Costa Rica. It was concluded that the impact was clearly the result of higher use frequency following the recent increase in the number of tourists to Kibale National Park. The need for an early determination of the recreation-carrying capacity as well as research on impact that incorporates visitor numbers and use frequency is recommended if ecotourism is to remain sustainable in Kibale National Park.     

昆明市团结乡乡村生态旅游调查研究

在"昆明市西山区团结乡乡村生态旅游示范研究"项目的实施过程中,通过加强对团结乡乡村生态旅游现状的调查研究,提高了研究的针对性;通过加强实施结果的调查研究,提高了实施成效分析的真实性.     

从系统学角度透视生态旅游利益相关者结构关系

从系统动力学著名的"内生"理论角度分析,生态旅游可持续发展的关键就是要建立各利益相关者之间的利益均衡机制,从而形成一体化的共生系统.本文将政府、社区、保护区、旅游企业和生态旅游者五个主要利益相关者作为生态旅游系统中的内生变量,用系统动力学方法,分析协调利益获取和分配、权利和义务、生态耗损和补偿等问题,初步构建各利益相关者之间的结构关系,为建立协调各方利益的参与机制提供理论参考.     

The Role of Food Tourism in Sustaining Regional Identity: A Case Study of Cornwall,South West England

This exploratory paper examines the role of food tourism in developing and sustaining regional identities within the context of rural regeneration, agricultural diversification and the creation of closer relationships between production and consumption in the countryside. It focuses on Cornwall, South West England, an area with rural development issues, increasing tourism impacts and contested issues of regional identity. A literature and policy analysis, and in-depth interviews with 12 restaurateurs, were undertaken in four popular tourist locations. Correlation was found between increased levels of food tourism interest and the retention and development of regional identity, the enhancement of environmental awareness and sustainability, an increase in social and cultural benefits celebrating the production of local food and the conservation of traditional heritage, skills and ways of life. The paper draws attention to three issues: the role of food tourism in increasing tourist spending, the potential role of food tourism in extending the tourist season, and the re-examination of food tourist typologies within a sustainability framework.     

生态旅游环境教育效果评价实证研究

环境教育研究是生态旅游研究领域的重要主题之一,而生态旅游环境教育的效果评价是该领域的一个富有挑战性的研究议题,研究结果将对生态旅游环境教育的开展和效果的优化具有重要的启示意义.文章采用实验对比法,设计实验组与对照组两个样本组,对前者在实验控制的状态下施加事先设计好的环境教育干预,对后者,使之处于惯常情况下:然后运用前期研究成果来测量和评价生态旅游环境教育干预的成效.实验结果表明:在宏观尺度即第一层指标中,实验组综合得分的平均分、中位数、标准差、最高分、最低分均高于对照组,其中平均分的等级高出对照组将近2个级差;实验组对环境教育的满意度也明显高于对照组;实验组的旅游者“生态旅游者程度”自我评价情况要远远优于对照组.在中观尺度第二层中的7个二级指标中,实验组除在技能、行为、意愿3项指标上微高或稍高于后者外,在知识、意识、伦理观念、评价与建议4项指标均上明显或非常明显高于后者.上述结果均在一定程度上印证了环境教育干预的积极作用.多因素方差分析表明,环境教育干预、样本个体的受教育程度、旅游动机和“游前”旅游经历4个因素是造成上述差异的主要因素.