The Impact of Revenue Sources on Marketing Behavior: Examining Web‐Promotion and Place‐Marketing in Nonprofit Organizations

To overcome failure to generate profits from the goods they produce, nonprofit organizations have unique methods to generate and sustain capital flows resulting in distinct exchange relationships. This leads scholars to argue that nonprofit marketing strategies should differ as well. Given the lack of empirical work that investigates this possibility, this article explores how the uniqueness of the nonprofit funding environment shapes the ways in which nonprofits use business principles to market their products and services, asking if the resource acquisition process is the primary mechanism that predicts business‐like marketing behavior. Findings indicate that both the resource acquisition process and institutional relationships are influential in predicting business‐like marketing behavior.     

转型环境下中国企业资源的分类问题研究

文章以中国企业为研究对象,综合了制度理论与资源基础理论的观点,通过大样本实证调研探讨中国转型环境下企业的资源分类问题,将企业竞争优势来源的资源基础拓展到企业外部,关注非市场资源与制度资源的价值与重要性;并对不同行业企业所拥有的资源特征与状况进行跨行业比较,从而得出相关的研究结论与重要启示。     

Achieving Competitive Advantage Through the Application of Open Systems Theory and the Development of Strategic Alliances: A Guide for Managers of Nonprofit Organizations

ABSTRACT

To effectively compete in today's competitive business environment, nonprofit organizations need to operate as open systems developing strategic alliances with key actors. To help managers of nonprofit organizations develop such relationships, open systems theory is explained, the phrase “strategic alliances” is defined, and a system of alliances is presented as a tool for identifying and analyzing potential relationships.     

Legitimacy of team rewards: Analyzing legitimacy as a condition for the effectiveness of team incentive designs

This article illustrates how the legitimacy of pay and evaluation processes in teams affect the effectiveness of team-based incentive designs in organizational work teams. We present a theoretical model of the development of legitimacy in team-based incentive designs and propose that the development of legitimacy for both pay dispersion in teams (i.e., difference in allocations of incentives among team members) and for the use of interdependent evaluations of performance promote team effectiveness. Our model introduces a new perspective to theorize about the conditions under which team rewards are an effective incentive design.     

The Conceptualization of Nonprofit Marketing Orientation: A Critical Reflection and Contributions Toward Closing the Practice–Theory Gap

In this article three generations of research addressing the marketing construct in nonprofit organizations are critically analyzed: (a) market orientation in nonprofit organizations, (b) societal orientation, and (c) research contributions aiming to close the existing practice–theory gap on this topic. A qualitative study among 24 nonprofit marketers is conducted in Canada and Germany to develop a construct labeled nonprofit marketing orientation. It includes the dimensions of brand orientation, supporters’ orientation, commercial orientation, and service orientation. Furthermore, the authors describe the nomological net of nonprofit marketing orientation to present interconstruct relationships and to inform future research.     

浅析学术交流的成本分类及成本控制

学术交流成本就是指学术交流主体在一定时间内为进行学术交流活动所支付的全部费用。它是考核学术交流投资效益的前提条件，也是计量和预测教师劳动报酬和进行学术交流规划、管理、监督与决策的依据。依据支出性质、使用目的和主体的不同，它可以分为直接与间接、计划与实际、社会与个人、物质与人员、制度和精神等若干成本类别。在学术交流活动中，我们可通过成本计划制定、成本项目设置、成本形成的过程控制等措施，对学术交流成本实施控制。     

Policy Issues Raised by For-Profit Spinoffs from Professional Associations: An Evaluation of a Recent AICPA Initiative

This paper provides an evaluation of the spinoff of a for-profit company from the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA), a nonprofit professional association. The evaluation is based on a review of the literature on public policy issues surrounding organizational conversions from nonprofit to for-profit legal status. Many criticisms of this for-profit spinoff were voiced by professional leaders and accounting regulators, and we demonstrate that these criticisms are grounded in widely recognized policy principles relating to nonprofit conversions. The public policy issues raised by this study have implications for the governance of professional associations in all disciplines.     

Editorial

No abstract available for this article.     

Building trust—Evidence from Vietnamese entrepreneurs

In the context of underdeveloped market institutions, entrepreneurs in a transition economy are forced to rely on trust-based partnerships. In the absence of effective market institutions and sufficient elapsed time, these entrepreneurial firms find a great need to actively and intentionally develop trust with their partners. The current literature, however, has virtually overlooked the possibility of trust being intentionally developed in interfirm relationships. This study develops a model that links trust development strategies, trust, and interfirm collaboration, and reports an empirical test of that model in Vietnam. The results support the general thesis that trust can be intentionally developed to facilitate interfirm relationships.     

The Raising of Corporate Sponsorship: A Behavioral Study

Research was conducted in order to define a “buyer behavior” process for the purchase of sponsorship at a corporate level. A series of interviews was carried out with a number of organizations that are currently involved in sponsorship of varying kinds. A consideration was made to include a balance of sponsorship types—small and large—as well as arts, sports, and events, although no attempt was made to identify how the process differs across sponsorship type. Our results show that while sponsorship and fundraising are flipsides of the same coin from the nonprofit sponsorship-seeker's perspective, the sponsorship provider sees the act of sponsorship as a commercial profit-making venture. This is a conundrum that has wide-reaching consequences for the sector.     

我国外汇储备投资的战略性目标及其实施

国家外汇投资公司的筹备成立标志着我国外汇储备管理模式的根本变化,文章认为外汇储备投资除满足收益性和缓解国内流动性过剩的使命外,应重点保障我国资源需求的战略目标;资源战略储备的形式除实物储备外,还可以直接购买或参股资源矿藏、购买资源类企业的股票以及通过国际期货市场进行运作.     

试析特许经营在我国饭店业中的应用

我国饭店业在迅猛发展的同时也面临着激烈的市场竞争和挑战,而我国饭店业分散零乱的整体格局使得其竞争力面临着严峻的考验。为此,已被国际饭店管理集团证实行之有效的特许经营成为我国饭店业发展的方向。结合我国饭店业发展的实际,是受具体国情及饭店业发展实际情况的限制,我国饭店业特许经营目前还处于初级阶段且发展缓慢。因此,推进特许经营在我国饭店业中的发展,实现我国饭店业快速整体走强,还需要做很多工作。