The Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in the Business Services Industry

Abstract

This report aims to identify the determinant factors of FDI in the business services industry by examining 20 variables and their impacts on attracting foreign investment in 33 sample countries plus Hong Kong. The results of this study indicate that system-related factor conditions and demand conditions have a strong correlation to FDI. Among the variables under system-related factor conditions, four (bribery and corruption, transparency, intellectual property rights (IPR), and ease of doing business) greatly influence the amount of FDI in the business services industry. Among the variables under demand conditions, three (the cost of living index, office rent, and GDP) are key. At the same time, this paper concludes that the aforementioned factors influence not only the business services sector, but the manufacturing industry's FDI as well. Another main finding of this paper is that the FDI in the business services industry is more frequently found in more developed economies. For the market seeking and efficiency-seeking FDI, the quality of system-related factor conditions and the size of GDP are of particular importance for FDI in the business services industry.     

外资企业环境绩效的探讨——以上海市为例

本文采用上海市企业的排污和经营数据,分析了内外资企业的环境绩效。我们的研究表明外资企业有更高的环境绩效;然而,外资企业并没有在排污口末端去除更多的污染物,相反甚至更少。这反映了外资企业低的排放主要是因为更清洁的生产过程,而不是因为更多的污染物去除。因此,我们认为外资企业更高的环境绩效主要原因是他们具有内在先进的、清洁的生产技术。     

Foreign Direct Investment Inflows and Economic Growth: The Case of Korea

The current study examines the relationship between FDI inflows and economic growth of Korea and tests the Bhagwati hypothesis which says that FDI inflow is more beneficial to economic growth in an open trade regime in a multivariate framework. Unlike previous works on the concerned hypothesis, a small‐sample cointegration test is applied to the time‐series data. There is no evidence of cointegration among the variables. The Granger causality test results show that, although FDI inflows do not cause per capita real GDP, the latter is revealed to cause the former when the economic crisis dummy variable is included. There is a unidirectional short‐run causality from domestic investment to per capita real GDP growth rate. The case of Korea does not support the Bhagwati hypothesis.     

Corporate Investment and Information Technologies: The Case of the Greek Refining Industry

The need to improve competitiveness and the enforcement of stringent environmental regulations created the need for the technological modernization of the Greek oil refining industry. The emphasis in this paper is on the pattern of investment decisions, the linkages between the acquisition of production processes and supporting IT applications and on the influence exercised by new technological investment projects on the availability of endogenous resources required to facilitate the adoption of technical change at the firm level. The Greek experience suggests that the role of IT application is becoming increasingly important in large-scale investment projects. The successful implementation of these projects depends, to a large extent, on the learning processes and the accumulation of knowledge at the firm level. These learning processes are directly linked to the specific requirements of the production process and our evidence support that there is a lack of positive feedback between administrative applications and the successful introduction of new manufacturing technologies.     

Corporate Investment and Information Technologies: The Case of the Greek Refining Industry

The need to improve competitiveness and the enforcement of stringent environmental regulations created the need for the technological modernization of the Greek oil refining industry. The emphasis in this paper is on the pattern of investment decisions, the linkages between the acquisition of production processes and supporting IT applications and on the influence exercised by new technological investment projects on the availability of endogenous resources required to facilitate the adoption of technical change at the firm level. The Greek experience suggests that the role of IT application is becoming increasingly important in large-scale investment projects. The successful implementation of these projects depends, to a large extent, on the learning processes and the accumulation of knowledge at the firm level. These learning processes are directly linked to the specific requirements of the production process and our evidence support that there is a lack of positive feedback between administrative applications and the successful introduction of new manufacturing technologies.     

外商直接投资在产业集群形成中的作用

国内产业集群的形成主要依靠两种模式,第一种是市场创造模式,第二种是资本迁移模式。外商直接投资在国内一些产业集群的形成过程中起着非常关键的作用。江苏昆山和句容两县级市的实证研究表明,长江三角洲地区的许多产业集群都属于资本迁移模式。在资本迁移模式下的产业集群中,外资企业的“群居生存”(ClusteringLife)刺激了产业集群的出现,专业化分工也达到非常精细的程度。分析外商直接投资在产业集群形成中的作用引出的启示是:外商直接投资通过产业集群可以获得比原先更大的市场利益,产业集群也是聚集外资的一个很好的载体。     

对外直接投资与母国经济增长:以中国为例

借鉴国内外已有的相关研究,本文在协整分析的基础上对中国对外直接投资与经济增长之间的关系进行了实证检验.结果发现,对外直接投资在总体上促进了中国经济的长期稳定增长,但由于某些方面的原因,目前这一结果还不是很明显.因此,就政府的对外投资管理而言,应该以促进对外投资作为其未来政策制定的着力点.     

对外直接投资促进企业创新了吗——基于逆向投资与顺向投资的比较研究

越来越多的中国企业通过对外直接投资走向海外,但对外直接投资能成为推动企业创新的跳板吗?逆向投资与顺向投资对企业创新的影响又是否存在差异?考虑到逆向投资、顺向投资对企业创新影响上的时间特征,文章探讨了逆向投资、顺向投资对企业创新的动态影响机制,并基于高技术企业样本和境外投资数据进行了实证检验。研究发现:逆向投资和顺向投资均能促进企业创新,但在时间特征上具有较大差异;逆向投资对企业创新的影响存在时滞效应,随着投资企业对外来者劣势的克服以及吸收能力的提升,逆向投资才会显著促进企业创新;顺向投资可以在短期内快速推动企业创新,但这种促进效应并不能持续,随着产品本土化改造完成,顺向投资对企业创新的影响也将减弱。     

Direct Foreign Investment and Welfare in the Transforming Economies: The Case of Central Asia

This paper studies the welfare effects of foreign investment into an economy with a trade regime of export taxes and/or import subsidies. This regime is characteristic of the Central Asian economies but has received no consideration in previous literature. We show that in many circumstances, foreign investment into an economy with a Central-Asian-type trade regime reduces welfare. In particular, we find that foreign investment is most likely to immiserize when it is directed toward nondistorted traded sectors or free trade zones.J. Comp. Econom.,June 1997,24(3), pp. 297–312. University of Miami, P.O. Box 248126, Coral Gables, Florida 33124.     

外资与人力资源开发:对中国经验的总结

本文主要论述人力资源对外资的影响。基本观点是 :我国现有的人力资本水平对吸引外资的规模、质量、结构以及效果起着重要、甚至决定性的作用。如果要提升外资的附加价值含量 ,需要对我国人力资源开发政策进行一些调整 ,包括提高人口教育水平以及与跨国公司合作 ,来共同致力于我国人力资源的开发     

外商对我国直接投资的产业分布研究

我国加入WTO后,与世界经济的融合程度迅速提高,外商对我国直接投资的力度进一步加大。由于外商对各个产业的偏好不同,因此外商直接投资在各产业间的分布呈现不平衡态势。本文对外商在我国直接投资的产业分布进行分析,在此基础上提出相关建议,以期为我国制定外商直接投资的产业导向政策提供参考。     

欧盟在华直接投资的实证分析

本文以最发达的经济区域组织之一——欧盟作为考察对象 ,具体考察其在华投资的历程和特征 ,找出问题的关键所在 ,从而寻求扩大欧盟在华投资的方法和途径。     

外商直接投资与我国产业结构调整的政策思考

本文从外商直接投资对我国产业结构调整影响的角度出发,分析了外商直接投资在我国产业间的分布现状及存在问题,剖析了外商直接投资方向选择与我国引资目标为何存在错位,并就如何利用外商直接投资促进我国产业结构升级提出对策。     

The Role of Foreign Direct Investment in the Privatisation and Restructuring of the Czech Motor Industry

Foreign direct investment (FDI) has been considered one of the crucial factors of a successful economic transformation in Central and Eastern Europe. This article investigates the role of FDI in the privatisation and restructuring of the Czech motor industry in the 1990s. In particular, it examines how governmental policies towards FDI affected FDI inflows, the immediate effects of FDI at the enterprise level, and the contested nature of this change. Advantages of foreign ownership for Czech enterprises, such as access to investment capital, access to sale and distribution networks of parent companies and technology transfer are discussed, as well as examples of failures of FDI to result in a successful enterprise restructuring. The information presented is based upon in-depth interviews with top managers of twenty component suppliers, governmental officials and vehicle makers in the Czech Republic as well as on the secondary data.     

中国信息产业国际直接投资环境的评估

信息产业国际直接投资环境对东道国利用PDI发展IT产业具有显著的影响 ,而投资环境评估在投资环境研究中具有关键性的意义。在理论研究的基础上 ,选取了 4类 37项指标 ,综合运用模糊论、层次分析法、相关性分析等方法 ,建立了IT产业FDI环境多指标评估模型 ,利用该模型对中国、美国、新加坡的IT产业FDI环境进行了定量评估和系统比较。分析显示 ,中国IT产业的FDI环境与美国相比差距很大 ,与新加坡相比差距则较小。依据评估结果分析了中国的IT产业FDI投资环境 ,并提出了相应的改善建议。     

Ease of Doing Business and Foreign Direct Investment: Case of Sub-Saharan Africa

International Advances in Economic Research - This paper investigates the empirical relationship between selected ease-of-doing-business indicators and foreign direct investment in sub-Saharan...     

服务业外商直接投资研究的现状与进展

目前,服务业外商直接投资的研究框架主要集中在两个方面:一些学者将制造业外商直接投资的理论应用到服务业的外商直接投资中;另一些学者则将国际贸易理论应用到服务业外商直接投资中。     

Consumer Protection in Islam: The Case of Pakistan

Consumers whether in an Islamic State or otherwise face similar problems that need to be taken care of by the government and the individuals themselves. Islam as a religion gives a comprehensive framework for conducting business and protecting the consumers' rights. Apparently, this framework seems similar to the commercial laws but glaring differences between the two exist: commercial laws are a relatively new phenomena and are made by humans for the sake of convenience only. Islamic law on the other hand, provided such guidelines 1500 years ago which are based on divine principles set by Allah. Moreover, there is no reward in complying with the commercial laws but Allah promised the believers rewards both in this world and the Hereafter for complying with Islamic principles.
Pakistan is an Islamic State but the area of consumer protection has remained neglected so far. This paper explores how an environment can be created in Pakistan whereby the interests of consumers are best protected under the teachings of Islam. The Qur'anic principles are delineated with reference to: guidelines for Muslim businessmen and consumers; the role of state and institutions.     

Foreign Direct Investment,Merchandise and Services Trade in a Transition Economy: The Case of Cambodia

Since the liberalization of trade and investment in the 1990s, inward foreign direct investment (FDI) has been seen to play a greater role in forging trade flows, integration into the regional and international markets and economic development for a transition economy such as Cambodia. Despite her recent progress in attracting FDI and fostering trade, the direction of causality between inward FDI, exports and imports of merchandise as well as services has not been empirically explored. The findings show that inward FDI not only can promote both merchandise and services exports but also indicate the presence of backward and forward linkages, which could result in positive externalities. However, based on the impulse response analysis, it seems that merchandise exports are more vulnerable than services exports to an unanticipated shift in FDI inflows in the medium run.     

吸引外商直接投资对我国产业成长的实效分析

20世纪90年代以来,在“以市场换技术”宗旨的指导下,我国吸引外商直接投资的规模不断扩大,我国国内企业的管理水平和劳动生产率均得到不同程度的提高,并为国内产业的发展起了带动和示范作用。但是,从实践的整体结果来看,“以市场换技术”的战略并没有达到预期目标,市场出让的份额与换回的关键技术的数量严重不对称。市场份额丧失过快,而外商直接投资企业的技术扩散和技术转让对国家整体技术进步的贡献十分有限,影响了我国自主发展能力。