Visitor Motivational Factors and Level of Satisfaction in Wellness Tourism: Comparison Between First-Time Visitors and Repeat Visitors

This study aims to examine the differences between visitor motivations and satisfaction between first-time visitors and return visitors to a recreation wellness tourist attraction site in South Korea. Data were collected using a questionnaire at a national arboretum and 573 samples were used for analysis. The study discovered that first-time visitor motivations were composed of four factors: “relaxation and rest”, “novelty”, “self-exploration”, and “accessibility”. The return visitor motivations were “sightseeing and experience”, “convenience for touring”, “self-exploration”, and “accessibility”. The desired outcomes motivating the visitation and level of satisfaction were different between first-time and return visitors. The results contribute practical information to managers and marketers not only of the arboretum, but also of wellness tourist attractions to improve strategic visitor management in Korea and beyond. The study strategically applies the arboretum as a competitive resource in a wellness tourism industry with strategic segmentation of visitors.     

佛教僧侣视野中的游客、旅游和旅游业

通过对成都市4座寺院部分僧人的访谈,发现僧人根据佛教认识论对一般世俗意义上的游客和游览活动进行了重新阐释,使得僧侣整体上对游客和游览活动持支持态度,也能积极地应对游客游览对僧人修行所造成的干扰.与此同时,僧人认为佛教和旅游业之间是相互促进的关系,即佛教为旅游业提供资源基础,而旅游业的发展为当代佛教传播提供通道和潜在的信众基础.但由于对待经济效益(财富)的观念不同,以及在旅游发展过程中的话语权差异,二者之间也存在一定的矛盾和冲突,这就要求通过相应的政策法规和机制来明确二者之间的界限和话语权,从而让二者之间能够真正地相互促进,并有效地减少对立和冲突.     

Tourism in British Columbia Metropolitan and Camping Visitors

Two issues common to tourism planning are investigated in the context of a current planning proposal between the British Columbia and Canadian governments. These issue are the problem of spatial imbalance in travel patterns and the place of camping in market development strategies. Through the use of multiple regression two group discriminatory analysis, several characteristic of metropolitan and campers visitor to British Columbia are differentiated. The dominant tourist position of British Columbia's two metropolitan centers is shown to be a function of their relative location and the availability of familiar visits. The campers proved to be independent travellers: independent of familial ties and metropolitan locations. Some implications and planning strategies for the integration of these two groups into the travel industry development objectives for the province of British Columbia are suggested.     

旅游情境下内隐-外显地方依恋模型研究——基于心理学视角

实证主义范式的研究无法解决地方依恋形成心理机制这一理论问题。在当前旅游领域研究中,有关实证研究在地方依恋已经形成的理论预设前提下,通过编制相关量表采用自我报告的方法(问卷调查法)来探讨目的地社区居民和游客地方依恋形成的影响因素及其后果行为。至于这两种依恋有何区别、如何形成以及如何指导相应的依恋行为等相关理论问题却鲜有涉及。该研究回溯到心理学中的依恋理论,构建了旅游情境下的内隐-外显地方依恋模型,并得出以下结论:(1)内部工作模式(依恋表征)原理可用以解释地方依恋形成的心理机制;(2)内部工作模式是由一般依恋表征和特殊依恋表征组成的层级结构,前者指导社区居民依恋的形成,后者指导游客依恋的形成;(3)地方依恋存在内隐和外显两种状态。社区居民依恋由内隐状态激发为外显状态去指导其依恋行为,游客依恋从外显状态内化为内隐状态去指导其依恋行为。     

Tourism and the refugee crisis in Greece: Perceptions and decision-making of accommodation providers

This paper focuses on the tourism impacts of the 2015–16 refugee crisis in Greece. It examines the implications of the related publicity for the perception of Greece and the expected reaction of inbound tourists; the way refugees are regarded from a security and cultural aspect; the interaction between refugees and host communities; and the decisions made by the Greek tourism accommodation sector to face the crisis. Using fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis the paper employs a nationwide survey of 811 tourism accommodation managers. The results reveal three configurations explaining the decisions of respondents characterised by refugee-centric orientation; the emphasis on the visitors-locals nexus; and the host communities' behavioural impact on tourism. The paper also compares asymmetric with symmetric analysis highlighting the suitability of the former when dealing with complexity. The modelling exercise also steps forward from fit to predictive validity. The findings contribute to both managerial and methodological aspects of tourism.     

The Effect of Distance on Tourism in Hong Kong: A Comparison of Short Haul and Long Haul Visitors

This study reports on a pilot project examining the effect of distance on the profile and trip characteristics of vacation visitors to Hong Kong. Secondary data are used. The study reveals a clear long haul/short haul dichotomy in visitor profile and resultant behaviors in Hong Kong. Long haul tourists tend to be older, more affluent and view Hong Kong as a stop-over destination, whereas short haul visitors are younger, less affluent and see it as their main and only destination. The resultant socio-demographic and destination role differences translate into substantially different in-destination behavior patterns. The authors argue that these differences are, at least in part, a function of the discriminating effect that distance has on the ability of some people to travel to long haul destinations.     

Segmenting Visitors to Battlefield Sites: International Visitors to The Former Demilitarized Zone in Vietnam

Paradoxically, part of the appeal of Vietnam as an emerging destination lies in the commodification of images, artifacts, and battlefield sites of the Vietnam War. While studied from the supply-side, little research has been undertaken yet in terms of the patterns of demand for battlefield tourism. Based on a survey of 481 visitors to the former Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), this article uses factor analysis and cluster analysis to segment then profile battlefield visitors based on their motivations. Three groups of visitors to the DMZ were identified: the Battlefield Tourism Enthusiast, the Opportunist, and Passive Tourists. Significant differences were found between the three segments with regard to various sociodemographics and trip characteristics. However, results from the study also emphasize that analyses of demand based on site visits should be contextualized in terms of visits to the country as a whole and that care must be taken in distinguishing specialist visitors from generalists.     

A Cross-cultural Analysis of Tourism and Quality of Life Perceptions

Models of sustainable tourism consider not only the aspects of the physical environment but also the dimensions of the social and cultural environment of destinations. During the past two decades a number of researchers have made the case that local residents must be involved in tourism development decisions if support for, and thereby sustainability of, the industry is to be maintained. Minority ethnic and racial groups, however, are often differentially influenced by tourism within a community. This study investigates the differences between Hispanic and Anglo residents with respect to their perceptions of tourism and quality of life framed with the context of ethnicity marginality theory.     

Exploring Perceptions of US State Tourism Organizations' Web Advertising Effectiveness

This article adopts, modifies and tests the Interactive Advertising Model as a potential tool for evaluating website advertising effectiveness in US state tourism organizations. The adopted model is referred to in the study as the Modified Interactive Tourism Advertising Model (MITAM). The model is tested using data gathered from an independent evaluation by 31 Korean natives on five state US tourism organization websites. The data are analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis. The study found that the proposed MITAM model should be considered as a tool for improving the advertising effectiveness of travel websites. The article concludes with a discussion on the study findings along with recommendations on how state tourism organizations can improve their website advertising effectiveness.     

乡村旅游地品牌个性与游客忠诚：以场所依赖为中介变量

文章以西安市长安区＂农家乐＂为例,实证分析乡村旅游地品牌个性与游客忠诚的关系,并探讨场所依赖的中介作用。结果显示：（1）乡村旅游地品牌个性中的实惠、喜悦、闲适、健康和逃逸5个维度对场所依赖（包括场所依靠和场所认同）具有显著的正向预测作用,而对游客忠诚具有显著正向预测作用的仅有实惠和闲适两个维度;（2）场所依靠和场所认同在实惠维度与游客忠诚关系间起到了部分中介作用,而在闲适维度与游客忠诚关系间起到了完全中介作用;（3）场所认同在实惠与游客忠诚关系间的中介作用以及它在闲适与游客忠诚关系间的中介作用都是相对较大的,而场所依靠在实惠与游客忠诚及闲适与游客忠诚关系间的中介作用相对较小。     

“发髻”与地方形象:民族旅游地的文化符号建构分析——以广西黄洛瑶寨和贵州岜沙苗寨为例

很多地方之所以成为旅游目的地,是与游客对其“真实”与“想象”的体验交织在一起的.在民族文化传承、演变、重构过程中,“发髻”的文化内涵在于它对民族历史记忆和对族群凝聚的形塑.广西黄洛瑶寨在“文化碎片化”过程中以“天下第一长发村”构建了最令游客直观感觉的“柔”“情”“爱”“婚恋”的地方形象;贵州岜沙苗寨以独特“户棍”发髻、舞台化的成年仪式以及衍生出来的精神深层次的“树”崇拜和生死轮回的观念,建构了与现代文明格格不入的“原始而又神秘”的地方形象.黄洛瑶寨和岜沙苗寨利用“发髻”这一容易被认知、接受和解读的文化符号来标识其旅游地形象,建构了游客最直观想象的地方形象,也重构了当地民族文化体系.     

我国旅游目的地居民对旅游影响感知的实证调查与分析

本文以全国范围内的23个旅游目的地为例,通过问卷调查,获取一手数据资料,运用SPSS13.0软件进行数理统计,分析了旅游目的地居民的旅游影响感知及其差异,得出了六大旅游影响感知因子.研究结果表明:现阶段我国旅游目的地居民的正面感知普遍占主导地位;个人内在因素是导致感知差异的主要因素;旅游目的地居民大致可分为三类:具有大局观的积极支持者、矛盾的理性支持者和关注自我的积极支持者.     

社区旅游参与视角下民族村寨旅游地居民地方感生成研究

居民地方感领域的研究在深化“人-地”关系认识、旅游目的地地方性塑造、旅游资源开发与保护以及旅游规划等方面具有特殊意义。已有研究主要探讨人口统计学特征、物理环境和社会环境等影响因素,缺乏对旅游世界中人与场的积极互动而产生的地方感等问题的讨论。本研究从社区旅游参与视角,通过田野调查的方法收集郎德上寨村民主诉的旅游参与实践,对民族旅游村寨居民地方感的生成问题进行分析。研究发现:郎德上寨村民的社区旅游参与主要表现为“合作激励型”“自我激励型”“机械被动型”和“利益激励型”4种类型;在社区旅游参与过程中,村民获得了强烈的地方感,并由自然地理和人文物理环境、社会文化特性、经济制度、乡土认同、血缘认同、文化认同、房屋归属感和生活便利性等内容体现。本研究还发现,居民地方感在不同的社区旅游参与形态中表现出差异性;社区旅游参与和地方感之间是双向、交互式的影响关系,其中,旅游效益感知因素在二者的关系中起着重要的中介作用。     

30年境内外宗教旅游研究综述

宗教旅游是一个既古老又缺乏深入研究的旅游方向.30年来,境内对宗教旅游的研究,仍然仅限于对宗教旅游资源的规划和宗教旅游产品开发的探讨;反观境外的研究则较为全面,除了对宗教游客的理论、游客群体、活动、动机等各方面进行探索性的研究外,更在旅游资源规划和开发方面进行更多样化的研究,包括对宗教旅游资源的管理和营销等.文章通过6个研究方向,即宗教旅游资源发展与规划研究、宗教场所的旅游发展与管理研究、宗教旅游的影响研究、宗教旅游营销与产品开发研究、宗教旅游可持续发展研究和宗教旅游者相关研究,对境内外1981-2015年间所发表的宗教旅游文献进行梳理、归纳和分析.最后结合境内外研究的结果,从5个方面探讨境内宗教旅游研究面对的问题并提出建议.     

基于亲景度与竞争态的西安国内旅游分析

在广泛市场调查的基础上,运用旅游市场竞争态和游客亲景度模型,对2004-2005年西安市国内旅游市场竞争态和游客亲景度进行了定量分析,划分出明星市场、金牛市场、幼童市场和瘦狗市场4种市场类型和强亲景、较强亲景、中亲景、弱亲景4种偏好等级,并探讨了4种亲景度和4类竞争态之间的对应关系,据此提出了西安国内旅游近期开拓的4类市场:重点市场、主要市场、潜在市场和机会市场,为西安国内旅游客源市场的开发提供了科学依据.     

Visitors to national parks: A test of the elitism argument

It frequently has been assumed that the poor and some minority groups largely lack the financial wherewithal to travel to America's national parks. Data showing an underrepresentation of the poor among visitors at some parks has spurred charges of “elitism” in national park use, and has been an often‐used argument to justify more development (especially the provision of low‐cost facilities) in the national parks. This study tested for relationships between several status characteristics and the national park visitation of residents of the Pacific Coastal Region. As hypothesized, income, education, occupation and a cumulative status measure were all positively related to the frequency of national park going. But the low magnitude of the relationships suggests that the charges of “elitism” in national park going are overdrawn, and that perhaps there has been a substantial democratization of social‐class access to a “national park experience” during this century.