Alternative tourism in Montserrat

Small island states or dependencies have increasingly turned to international mass tourism as a strategy for overcoming their underdeveloped status. However, mounting criticism of this sector has increased the interest in alternative tourism. The Caribbean island of Montserrat is well positioned to implement an ecotourism strategy based on the island's scenic beauty, biodiversity and historical/cultural attributes. This would augment an already unconventional tourism product emphasizing low-density residential tourism. The fact that few tangible initiatives have so far been taken in the direction of ecotourism is not problematic, since careful planning is advisable given the risks inherent in any form of tourism, and given existing and potential problems which could threaten its viability. A Montserrat Heritage Trail network is proposed as the centrepiece of this ecotourism product, while various marketing and institutional initiatives are recommended.     

Facilitating public participation in tourism planning on American Indian reservations: A case study involving the Nominal Group Technique

Tourism is frequently cited as a tool by which American Indians can strengthen the economies of their reservations. However, successful tourism development on such reservations requires effective tourism planning, and effective tourism planning requires public participation in the planning process. The Nominal Group Technique (NGT) has proved to be a useful group process in the tourism field but its application to tourism planning on American Indian reservations has been unexplored. This article helps to fill this knowledge gap by reporting on an NGT workshop conducted on the Lake Traverse Reservation of the Sisseton–Wahpeton Oyate (people, nation) in North and South Dakota, USA. Rich information on tourism development possibilities for three lakefront properties was obtained. Possible success factors are discussed and suggestions for conducting similar future workshops on American Indian reservations are advanced.     

The green globe programme: Developing a greener future for travel and tourism

This paper examines the concept of sustainable tourism planning in New Zealand and its relationship to the Resource Management Act. The paper considers the public sector planning responses towards tourism development issues within the context of New Zealand's Resource Management Act, and the ability of these organisations to respond to tourism issues. It argues that the absence of a national vision for tourism is a major constraint on achieving sustainable tourism options at the regional and local level because the Resource Management Act s principles of sustainable planning are not guided by any national policy or strategy. By using a postal questionnaire, the paper provides the first in-depth analysis of planners responses to tourism and their ability to integrate tourism into the planning process within New Zealand. The paper also expands the arguments initially developed by Dredge &; Moore (1992) on the lack of integration in relation to tourism and planning.     

Paradoxes in planning Tourism Elitism or Brutalism?

While the rhetorics of environment, sustainability and ethics are prominent in academic discussions on tourism planning, they remained somewhat remote in the case of Eritrea. The debate about how the poorest countries should proceed with tourism remains polarized and confused. To help analyze this, a continuum is proposed upon which various types of planning advice may be placed. The two poles are represented by Tourism First (in which developing the industry is the focus of planning) and Development First (where planning is framed by national development needs) The terms of reference which are the key planning guide for tourism consulting firms conducting planning, are identified as being particularly inadequate.     

旅游时间规划概念框架研究

在梳理旅游规划发展历史阶段的基础上,对传统旅游空间规划缺乏对旅游者个体的关注和忽视"时间性"等问题提出了批判,进而在明确旅游时间规划价值导向和逻辑起点的基础上,提出了旅游时间规划的概念模型;详细分析了时间地理学、认知供给理论和旅游者行为学作为基础理论的支撑作用,系统地提出旅游时间规划的时空统一观、时空资源观和时空产品观,并通过理论推导旅游时间规划的概念模型,构建了旅游时间规划的内容体系。最后,研究强调了"旅游时间规划"在旅游产业发展阶段和提升阶段的实践意义,明确旅游时间规划是传统旅游空间规划的补充和修正,而不是与传统规划割裂开来的另外一种规划系统。     

中国影视旅游发展的现状及趋势

本文提出影视旅游的概念和特征，以国内外影视旅游发展兴衰为依据，总结概括出影视旅游的发展阶段以及各阶段的特点，指出中国影视旅游的发展经历了从萌芽到发展的时期，目前正处于发展阶段。分析了中国影视旅游发展的现状及存在的问题，提出相应的规划建设对策。最后对中国影视旅游的发展趋势加以预测，指出影视旅游具有广阔的发展前景，将向着旅游客体多元化、旅游主体个性化、旅游内容更新化和规划建设综合化的方向发展。     

参与型旅游小镇规划模式研究——以金门金湖镇为例

目前,公众参与已经成为旅游规划界的热点问题.旅游小镇由于其规划尺度小、当地居民根植性强、规划开发与社区发展关系紧密,因此研究中具有显著的代表性和重要的现实意义.本文基于相关文献研究,在小镇空间尺度上,讨论公众参与在旅游规划中的价值和意义,提出参与型旅游小镇规划原则,构建参与型旅游小镇规划的理论模型,提出规划的框架和具体操作步骤,并以金门金湖镇为例,具体分析规划各阶段居民参与的内容、形式,经由个案阐述操作经验得出决策者、规划者、当地居民和其他相关人员在参与型旅游规划步骤中的角色与功能,以期能为具资源潜力的小镇或较大尺度旅游城市的相关规划模式、政策、法令制定提供参考与借鉴.     

Obstacles to achieving cross-border tourism governance: A multi-scalar approach focusing on the German-Czech borderlands

This paper aims to identify distinctive obstacles to the establishment of tourism destination governance in both transnational and within-country borderlands. Analysis of the German-Czech borderlands, a region also incorporating within-country borders between three German federal states, indicates the multi-scalar and political contestations of cross-border tourism collaboration. Local tourism projects are generally successful, both on a transnational German-Czech level and between the German states of Bavaria, Saxony and Thuringia. However, structural cross-border destination management does not exist because of (transnational) multi-scalar institutional alignment problems and (internal) tourism-specific destination-level power contestations. Understanding destination management processes in borderlands, therefore, requires: (i) explicit multi-scalar analysis; (ii) recognition of both transnational and within-country contexts; (iii) more cross-pollination between tourism planning and cross-border governance research.     

Sustainable Tourism: An Overview of the Concept and its Position in Relation to Conceptualisations of Tourism

Reference to sustainable tourism is now made in most strategic tourism planning documents. Yet, despite its common use, definitional arguments exist over its meaning and subsequent operationalisation. In addition to this, literature on sustainable tourism rarely discusses its development prior to the publication of Our Common Future (World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), 1987) and its relevance to current conceptualisations of tourism. This paper analyses the context within which sustainable tourism was developed and has recently been conceptualised. It does this by assessing the development of sustainable tourism (with an Australian focus) and proposing a model which incorporates the development of sustainable tourism into tourism. The paper argues that sustainable tourism has traditionally given more focus to aspects related to the environment and economic development and that more focus should be given to community involvement.     

中国旅游规划的市场研究历程(上)

文章回顾了中国旅游规划工作中的市场研究的发展历程，划分出了中国旅游规划工作的起步与旅游市场的简单研究阶段(1980-1991年)、中国旅游规划工作的发展与旅游市场的探索研究阶段(1992-2000年)、中国旅游规划工作的成熟与旅游市场的系统研究阶段(2001年以后)三个基本阶段，以旅游规划研究国际先进水平为参照，评述了各阶段的发展水平。     

Tourism planning and planning theory: Historical roots and contemporary alignment

The timelines of planning theory and the approaches to tourism planning are compared from the early twentieth century to the present. The researchers address two specific questions; what are the links between these two timelines and what are the contributions to tourism planning knowledge? Unlike general planning theory, a distinctive business and profitability ethos influenced foundation tourism approaches until the impacts of the sector prompted attention to the need for more stakeholder communication and attention to sustainability concerns. Now, communication based planning and sustainability imperatives tend to co-exist in both domains with strong roles for stakeholder involvement and compartmentalized plans in tourism. Disciplinary contributions from geography and politics are more marked in general planning theory, while business and marketing orientations infuse the tourism perspectives. Tourism planning knowledge is usefully contextualized and advanced by considering generic planning theory, but remains very substantially influenced by tourism industry issues and shocks.     

中国旅游规划的市场研究历程(下)

文章回顾了中国旅游规划工作中的市场研究的发展历程。划分出了中国旅游规划工作的起步与旅游市场的简单研究阶段(1980～1991年)、中国旅游规划工作的发展与旅游市场的探索研究阶段(1992～2000年)、中国旅游规划工作的成熟与旅游市场的系统研究阶段(2001年以后)三个基本阶段，以旅游规划研究国际先进水平为参照，评述了各阶段的发展水平。     

论区域旅游发展战略的趋同与缓解

区域旅游竞合关系的演化使各旅游地纷纷进行战略规划。同时,各旅游地发展战略在战略目标、旅游功能、产业调整政策、旅游形象四个方面已经暴露出较为严重的趋同现象。原因是多方面的,主要是:战略决策层的从众心态和战略参与者的标准化知识及模式化思维,成功战略难以复制,在不确定性发展环境下决策的中庸之道,战略决策层对外界的媚俗效应等。战略趋同对区域旅游发展的影响是长远的,它将导致区域内恶性竞争,失去整体优势,并使区域旅游的成长极限快速到来。本文从研究者的角度,重新思考战略规划的基本要求,认为通过深刻解读规划对象,充分发挥点群优势,提供多情景方案三条途径可以使战略趋同问题得到缓解。     

我们应从洋规划中学习什么?

本文通过对洋专家编制的四川、山东和云南三省旅游发展总体规划的特色剖析和对近 10年国内专家所编制的各种类型旅游规划的对比和思考 ,将外国专家所编制的旅游规划概括为生态导向型旅游规划 ,而将国内专家编制的旅游规划概括为经济导向型旅游规划。文章从 9个方面对中外专家编制的旅游规划进行了比较 ,认为对国内专家而言 ,今后应特别重视学习洋专家规划文本中贯穿始终的可持续发展理念。     

对概念性旅游规划的认识

随着旅游业竞争态势的全面展开,旅游规划工作的不断深入,旅游规划的现实需求也相应出现了新的变化特点。为了适应这些变化,旅游规划界对传统的规划思想和经典的研究方法不断重新认识,并引入新的规划设计理念。概念性旅游规划就是近年来出现的新生事物,它的出现必将对丰富旅游规划学科内容、推动旅游规划研究的发展起到积极的作用,非常值得关注。本文通过综合分析相关的研究文献,对概念性旅游规划的概念、性质、特点、应用等提出了系统的分析和阐述。     

Tourism and the Precautionary Principle

The precautionary principle is an emerging norm of international environmental policy affirmed in many treaties and laws. The principle, congruent to the ideal of sustainable development, is a controversial future-focused planning and regulatory mechanism which mandates that to protect against threats of serious and irreversible damage, precaution should be exercised even before harm can be scientifically demonstrated. The intent of this paper is to provide a literature review of the precautionary principle, examine the fundamental concepts underlying the principle and present an introductory discussion regarding its applicability to the tourism industry. Time and again numerous direct and indirect impacts are produced by the tourism industry, yet the potential for integrating precaution into tourism planning has not been examined. The authors consider the critical elements of the principle (uncertainty, risk, costbenefit analysis and science) in relation to the tourism industry, and provide examples of reference to the principle in the policy documents of non-governmental tourism organisations. An adapted framework is proposed for incorporating the precautionary principle into better tourism-industry decision-making. The precautionary principle is predicated as a viable tourism development tool and planning mechanism that safeguards environmental and human health by anticipating and controlling for future impacts of tourism.     

The environment‐community symbiosis: A case for collaborative tourism planning

This article advances the proposition that sustainable tourism can be achieved through recognition that the public and private sector, the host communities and the natural environment are interdependent stakeholders in a complex tourism ‘domain’, where no single individual, agency or group can resolve strategic tourism issues by acting alone. The planning and management of this domain for the purpose of achieving sustainability requires moving away from traditional approaches towards dynamic collaboration among the stakeholders of the tourism development and planning domain. Collaboration provides a flexible process which evolves over time, enabling stakeholders to disseminate and manage problems or issues on an interactive basis. It offers an attractive alternative to adversarial problem solving methods in tourism planning and management, when inter or multi‐sectoral participation is required. The paper commences with a discussion of the shortfalls of traditional tourism planning processes and models, followed by an overview of collaboration ‘theory’. Examples are given which illustrate collaborative approaches in several mountain resort areas. An exploratory case study of tourism development and planning issues in the mountain community of Canmore, Alberta (Canada) is then presented, leading to a discussion and conclusion regarding the theoretical and practical applications of collaboration toward achieving sustainable tourism.     

Macau's Tourism Planning Approach and Its Shortcomings: A Case Study

This article examines the responsiveness of Macau's tourism planning approach in coping with the rapid urban changes and economic boom that have mainly resulted from the liberalization of the casino licensing system in 2002 and the implementation of the Individual Visitation Scheme in 2003. The results indicate that Macau's traditional top-down and progrowth driven tourism planning approach is not responsive enough to cope with these fast-changing circumstances. The shortcomings of this approach are identified, such as the lack of a clear vision of the city's position, the overconcentration of planning power in the hands of a few senior government officials, an absence of planning laws and detailed guidelines guiding developments, poor coordination among government departments, and a lack of planning expertise and knowledge. The article provides solutions for a more sustainable tourism planning approach, including diversifying Macau's economy away from its casino industry to avoid one particular economic sector holding too much bargaining power; formulating a comprehensive set of consistent and transparent planning missions, strategies, and detailed planning guidelines; creating a task force to foster coordination among government departments; and empower local citizens to participate in the tourism planning process.     

旅游意象图:基于游客感知的旅游景区规划新设想

受启发于"城市意象"理念和图论学说,文章从游客感知出发,提出"旅游意象图"的旅游景区规划设想,认为旅游意象的基本要素包括旅游道路、旅游节点、旅游边界、旅游标识和旅游区域5个方面,旅游意象图的构建过程可分解为旅游意象点→旅游意象线→旅游意象链→旅游意象面→旅游意象图5个基本步骤,指出可从资源类旅游意象、产品类旅游意象、市场类旅游意象3个层面确定具体的旅游意象,并分析了旅游意象调研的4大基本方法:传统问卷调查、绘制心智地图、旅游意象游戏法和旅游意象访谈法。     

Towards sustainable tourism planning in New Zealand: Monitoring local government planning under the Resource Management Act

In the light of the increasing pace and scale of tourism activity in New Zealand, the concept of sustainable tourism has become a key ingredient in the nation's tourism strategy. This paper explores sustainable tourism planning in New Zealand at the level of local government, and in particular, focuses on the implementation of the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA) as a mechanism for achieving sustainable tourism. Using the findings of a survey of Regional Councils and Territorial Local Authorities, the paper explores public sector planning responses to tourism impacts and sustainability concerns in New Zealand. The paper extends the earlier work of Page and Thorn (1997. Towards sustainable tourism planning in New Zealand: public sector planning responses. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 5(1): 59-77; 2002. Towards sustainable tourism development and planning in New Zealand: the public sector response revisited. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 10(3): 222-238), which identified major issues of concern at local council level with regard to tourism impacts and argued the need for a national vision for tourism to ensure that the RMA achieved its original goals. Since then, a national tourism strategy has been published and changes in legislation have further empowered local authorities to further progress the sustainability agenda. This paper examines these developments and the ensuing implications, concluding that significant progress has been made in developing tourism policies at the local level, but that a number of constraints and issues limit the development of New Zealand as a sustainable destination.