Residents’ attitudes toward future tourism development in terms of community well-being and attachment

This study explores residents’ attitudes toward future tourism development based on their community well-being (CWB) and community attachment. Focusing on the case of Gamcheon Culture Village in Busan, South Korea, which was developed during an urban regeneration project in 2009, an exploratory factor analysis was conducted. The main findings of this study are: (1) CWB is supported by five variables including income effects, social participation, safety service, infrastructure service, and environmental effect; (2) not only does CWB influence community attachment but attachment also effects residents’ attitudes; and (3) the most effective variable of CWB is income effect, and safety service for community attachment. These results can help to provide effective strategies to encourage residents to have positive attitudes about further tourism development in a community-based tourism destination.     

Community agency and sustainable tourism development: the case of La Fortuna,Costa Rica

Previous sustainable tourism research has called for the promotion of community-based tourism as a means of achieving sustainable development goals. Such community-based development has been noted as essential for sustainable practices because of its capacity to benefit local populations while reducing tourism's negative consequences. Nonetheless, some researchers have warned that community-based tourism, by itself, does not necessarily lead to sustainable practices. This study examines local social interactional elements necessary for the achievement of sustainable tourism practices. Such practices are attainable when certain attitudinal, organizational and/or behavioral conditions are present within a community. Using a case study methodology, this article examines the interactional elements by which residents of La Fortuna, Costa Rica, engaged in sustainable tourism practices. The study was based on the theoretical notion of the community field. It used key informant interviews and participant observation. The study shows how economic, social and environmentally sustainable practices were made possible through community agency, the construction of local relationships that increase the adaptive capacity of people within a common locality. Key factors found to enable community agency are strong intra- and extra-community interactions, open communication, participation, distributive justice and tolerance.     

Community-based tourism enterprises: challenges and prospects for community participation; Khama Rhino Sanctuary Trust,Botswana

This study assesses community participation in a community-based tourism enterprise in Botswana, the Khama Rhino Sanctuary Trust, founded in 1992. Data were collected using structured and semi-structured questionnaires, interviews with key stakeholders and community focus group discussions. Results indicate that although Community-Based Natural Resource Management is popular in many southern African nations, communities still face challenges and constraints which hinder their participation in community-based enterprises. While some other studies in Botswana indicate the value of community-based tourism, 95% of adult residents in the Khama Rhino Sanctuary Trust area did not know who owned the Trust, and 98% had never been to the Trust's lands. There was community disappointment about loss of cattle grazing and other land-related benefits, lack of communication with the community, lack of benefits, the low numbers employed and the slow progress of the project which did not record a profit until 2008. But the Trust now has over 25% of the rhinos in Botswana and has seen visitor numbers rise from 1820 in 1996 to over 21,000 in 2008. Suggestions for the future include appointment of a community liaison officer, training for local people in tourism and management and use of single-community rather than multi-community trusts.     

The community participation process in ecotourism development: a case study of the community of Sogoog,Bayan-Ulgii,Mongolia

Theories on community participation in ecotourism development advocate obtaining maximum levels of both community control and benefit to achieve sustainable tourism. This paper explores issues in community-based ecotourism development in a small, remote community in western Mongolia. It assesses the community's desire to develop ecotourism, their understanding of the issues involved and the feasibility of the process in a poor herding community, where 63% are herdsmen, frequently absent with their herds. Using responses from 100 participants together with interviews with key stakeholders, it describes and analyzes the difficulties in establishing community participation and ecotourism implementation. Findings revealed that long-term viable community-based ecotourism development in remote areas requires close collaboration and sustained support from trusted community leaders and from knowledgeable and committed outside stakeholders. Approaches need to be carefully tailored to local circumstances, not “one size fits all”. Key areas of concern were environmental and cultural, including fears that their tradition of hospitality might be compromised, perceptions of the local NGO's benefits to the community and local, often naïve, expectations of ecotourism development. Despite fears, over 90% of those interviewed were willing to participate in an ecotourism project in this high-risk, unforgiving economic and climatic setting.     

Community-based tourism and networking: Viscri,Romania

This paper raises questions concerning the complexity of the term “community” when dealing with community-based tourism initiatives. It highlights the difficulty of translating into practice the paradigm of “community-based tourism”. Through a case study of tourism in the multi-ethnic village of Viscri, Romania, the paper discusses the operational role that a network of both internal and external actors may play in piloting tourism initiatives that produce benefits for communities that are unaccustomed to participatory development processes due to various barriers. The study highlights the key role played by a local leader and an external foundation in building a network that, thanks to the bonding and bridging relations activated, led the community towards a form of sustainable tourism development and a broader amelioration of the social conditions. The network described can be replicated in other geographical contexts, provided there is strong local leadership and also international interests and donors. In the long term, however, the network needs to be strengthened by involving other actors, above all local authorities. They are needed to assure the basis for long-term empowerment, participation in decision-making and progressive diversification of economic activities.     

Exploring factors influencing individual participation in community‐based tourism: The case of Kampung relau homestay program,Malaysia

This paper presents the early findings from a qualitative investigation conducted to examine how participation is practiced in a community‐based tourism program which offers homestay experience to tourists in Kedah, Malaysia. The first objective of the study was to determine where on the spectrum of participation (Pretty 1995) does the homestay program fall. The second objective was to explore the variables that may influence the extent of community participation in this program. Findings from the present study indicate that participation in community‐based tourism is influenced by community members’ motivations to participate. An important implication from this finding is that community‐based tourism projects must include awareness programs among its members so as to educate them about the project and to motivate them to participate.     

Community-based tourism ventures,benefits and challenges: Khama Rhino Sanctuary Trust,Central District,Botswana

The impact of Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) is seen by many as a ‘win-win’ situation with reference to natural resources conservation and the improvement of local communities' livelihoods. However, community engagements in CBNRM and tourism have elicited many views as far as natural resources utilization is concerned. Some affirm the importance of CBNRM; others question it, while others call for its improvement. The premise of this study is to investigate the benefits and challenges of community-based tourism in one community of Botswana. Results show that although some benefits have been identified, there remain many challenges for the Khama Rhino Sanctuary Trust (KRST). It is evident that for community-based tourism to bring more benefits for locals, more interaction is needed between them and the Trust management. Increased local involvement and participation will help to ensure that people are empowered and the conservation of natural resources takes place. This paper asserts that community-based ventures, if properly run and managed, can promote the conservation of natural resources and increase local benefits through participation in tourism activities.     

Community-based Tourism: A Factor-Cluster Segmentation Approach

Using a case study of the Kimana Wildlife Sanctuary in Kenya, this paper empirically investigates factors critical to successful community-based tourism development. Factor analysis of 17 survey items produced five key factors: inclusion of stakeholders, recognition of individual and mutual benefits, appointment of legitimate convenor, formulation of aims and objectives, and perception that decisions arrived at will be implemented. Hierarchical cluster analysis demonstrates a simultaneous presence of three different segments within the local community, revealing that ‘operatives’ are interested in participation in the project's activities, ‘opinion leaders’ are concerned with the community's benefits from the project while ‘official leaders’ value the success of the project.     

An Integrative Approach to Tourism: Lessons from the Andes of Peru

This study compares the Andean communities of Taquile Island and Chiquian, Peru, which differ in their level of integration for their respective tourism sector. Integration was primarily defined by percentage of local people employed, type and degree of participation, decision-making power, and ownership in the local tourism sector. Principally social and economic aspects were measured and evaluated, recognising that considerable local support and participation in tourism decision making are linked to issues of ownership and control. It was found that higher levels of integration would lead to enhanced socioeconomic benefits for the community. A framework for community integration was developed that could help guide research, planning, development and evaluation of community-based tourism projects.     

Behind the masks: Tourism and community in Sardinia

This paper addresses community-based tourism and raises questions concerning the meaning of the term. Desired results may not be achieved through strict application of the concept in the absence of external inputs in all but a few favoured cases. Tourism, by definition, involves links with the outside world, raising questions concerning the types and extent of inputs that can be accepted without undermining the meaning of ‘community-based’. Through a case study of tourism in Mamoiada, Sardinia, the paper addresses the concept of community and locals’ participation in tourism development. It points out the key role played by local institutions and cosmopolitan locals, who are residents with external exposure, who are able to take initiatives and act as catalysts of development. Tourism planners should carefully evaluate the institutional arrangements, including the presence of cosmopolitan locals and their involvement in the creation of competitive local attractions, for the success of tourism development.     

共享视角下乡村旅游社区居民旅游支持度的复杂性——基于fsQCA方法的分析

发展乡村旅游是实现乡村振兴的重要路径,而社区居民的旅游支持是影响乡村旅游发展的关键因素之一。文章基于共享视角,采用fsQCA方法构建了形成社区居民高水平旅游支持度的复杂因果模型,综合纳入了社区居民人口学特征、社区旅游参与相关变量及旅游共享感知等不同类型影响因素,以揭示社区居民产生高水平旅游支持度的前因条件组合及其结构关系。该文以成都市青杠树村乡村旅游社区为例,基于问卷调查结果,对旅游社区居民的旅游支持度进行复杂性分析。研究结果支持了复杂性理论的主要准则,证实了社区居民高水平旅游支持度前因条件的异质性和复杂性,获得了能促使社区居民产生高水平旅游支持度的11种前因条件组合及其所形成的复杂因果模型。研究不仅能深化学界对各影响因素与社区居民旅游支持度之间所存在的非对称因果关系的认识,还能为预测和提升乡村旅游社区居民旅游支持度的管理实践提供依据。     

Social capital: An investment towards community resilience in the collaborative natural resources management of community-based tourism schemes

Community-based tourism projects appear to be the most favoured option for enhancing community livelihoods through the collaborative management of communal natural resources in land reformed areas in South Africa. A case study approach was adopted to establish the role of social capital in building community resilience through the management of common pool natural resources. Using the assemblages and systemic-resilience theories, this paper establishes which relationships between social capital and community resilience are best for pursuing successful community-based tourism schemes. Lessons were drawn from Somkhanda Community Game Reserve in the Gumbi community, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. The paper identifies three main community resilience shocks: governance, financial and skills. It notes that strong social capital can promote the realisation of community resilience in communal natural resources management. It further points to the need for avoiding environmental romanticisation, as there is a need to focus on the complexities involved in managing communal natural resources in land reformed communities.     

社区参与旅游发展理论的若干经济学质疑

社区参与被认为是实现旅游业可持续发展的重要途径和方法。本文将社区参与视为一种集体选择和集体行动 ,运用集体选择、福利经济学等经济学前沿理论 ,对社区参与旅游发展的动力、社区参与如何形成最终意见、社区参与如何实现收入公平分配等理论问题进行了质疑和较深入的分析。     

中国旅游扶贫研究综述

近年来有关中国旅游与贫困的研究解决了一些重大问题,如旅游扶贫的意义、政府的重要作用、社区参与的核心地位、乡村资源的基础地位等得到广泛确认.但是总体而言研究处于初级阶段.在研究对象上,没有将贫困人口作为研究的核心;对重大问题的研究方面,尚显不够系统、深入;在研究方法层面,大量的定性研究集中在探讨定义、概念和旅游的一般性影响,缺乏深入的旅游扶贫定量研究.今后的研究应更多地通过对不同旅游形式对贫困人口的经济、社会、环境等各个方面的实际影响进行系统的定性与定量分析相结合的案例研究,设计旅游扶贫的概念模式和具体的模式实施指南,并创建出中国旅游扶贫的理论体系.     

Community-building and amenity migration in community-based tourism development. An approach from southwest Spain

Many of the localities that promote community-based tourism (CBT) are subject to processes of openness, mobility and amenity migration that: (1) call into question the concept of community required to understand CBT; and (2) foster the existence of 'outsider' residents who are increasingly playing prominent roles in the development of CBT. This paper uses an ethnographic case study to analyze the participation of amenity migrants in the development of CBT and the effect this has on community building. To this end, the bonding relations that link and structure the local tourist sector are examined. The findings invite us from a theoretical and practical perspective to: (1) take into consideration the participation of amenity migrants in the development of CBT; (2) reflect on an appropriate concept of community to study or promote CBT experiences; and (3) consider that the development of CBT and community building are inherently and recursively linked processes.     

Female empowerment and tourism: a focus on businesses in a Fijian village

Women’s participation in business is gaining momentum amongst communities in the South Pacific, yet very few studies have explored this area in the context of tourism in Fiji. Based on ethnographic research, this study focuses on the gender dimension of community-based tourism development in Vatuolalai village, along with the Coral Coast of Fiji. In particular, this study seeks to extend our understanding of the links between female empowerment, tourism and business in this indigenous Fijian community. The paper discusses how indigenous Fijian women, through their involvement in tourism, have adapted to becoming successful business operators and influential drivers of socio-political change affecting established gender relations within an indigenous Fijian setting. Therefore, the current study argues that through tourism-based entrepreneurship, local women have attained not only economic but also psychological, social and political empowerment. Given the literature, this is not a mainstream result, particularly in patriarchal and embedded indigenous communities.     

民族村寨社区参与旅游开发的利益保障机制

民族村寨作为一类特殊社区,是我国乡村旅游开发的重要区域.社区参与是民族村寨旅游可持续发展的前提,而社区旅游利益的保障是社区有效参与的决定性因素.本文从旅游利益分配现状及其原因出发,基于开发的基本理念和目标提出了民族村寨社区参与旅游的利益保障机制.     

Community engagement in drive tourism in Ireland: case study of the Wild Atlantic Way

ABSTRACT

This paper presents research, which investigates community engagement in drive tourism in Ireland. In particular, it focuses on the Wild Atlantic Way (WAW), Ireland’s first long distance drive touring route stretching along the Atlantic coast for 2500?km from Donegal to West Cork. Face-to-face surveys were carried out to obtain a representative sample of community stakeholders along this touring route. The findings provide insight into the level of community engagement with drive tourism on the WAW with a high level of approval for the project but a low level of community integrated involvement with this drive-tourism product. This paper concludes that while there are low levels of community engagement with the WAW, there is a significant level of community support for the development of the WAW. However, to acquire community engagement in tourism development requires sustainable planning to maximize community benefits and minimize community costs thus increasing community participation, which is somewhat lacking.     

乡村旅游的社区参与、居民旅游影响感知与社区归属感的关系研究——以浙江安吉乡村旅游地为例

文章通过分析国内外相关文献,运用结构方程模型（SEM）方法,构建乡村旅游的社区参与、居民旅游影响感知与社区归属感的结构方程模型,对社区参与、居民旅游影响感知与社区归属感的关系进行探讨。以浙江安吉为例,采用Amos7.0软件对模型进行参数估计和假设检验,结果表明：社区参与对旅游感知、社区归属感均具有显著的正向影响,其路径系数在0.173～0.606之间,t值介于2.042～9.954,显著性概率P小于0.001或0.05,模型所建立的因果关系与研究假设相符合,模型可以接受。同时提出乡村旅游发展的相关建议,有利于乡村旅游可持续发展。     

Community-based Tourism Enterprises Development in Kenya: An Exploration of Their Potential as Avenues of Poverty Reduction

The United Nations World Tourism Organization endorses tourism for economic development and poverty reduction in developing countries, emphasising the role of micro-, small- and medium-sized tourism enterprises. In Kenya, community-based enterprises (CBEs) are preferred. This paper evaluates CBE potential and challenges for poverty reduction in Kenya. Reviewing literature on Kenyan tourism development, it uses case studies of six Kenyan CBEs spread across Kenya's tourism-focused community-based initiatives selected using opportunistic and snowball sampling. The case studies used individual in-depth semi-structured interviews with community leaders, CBE managers, tourism academics, support organisations and government officials, and focus groups with community members. The paper develops a detailed understanding of the CBEs, identifying the catalyst for their establishment and the role and degree of external intervention. It explores critical success factors, the extent to which CBEs alleviate poverty, and factors making communities welcome CBEs (or not). The results emphasise the conservation orientation of CBEs, with support agencies preferring partnership approaches involving white investment which inadequately addresses community priorities. Through foreign resource control and heavy reliance on donor funding, CBEs promote neocolonialism and reinforce dependency. An urgent review of the support framework for community tourism development in Kenya integrating the principles of sustainable development is advocated.