Did International Outsourcing Cause the Increase in China's Skill Premium?

This study analyzes the transmission mechanism for the increase in the skill premium caused by international outsourcing through skill‐biased technological change (SBTC). Using 2000–2013 panel data from 27 manufacturing industries in China, this study conducts both probit and Tobit tests and shows that international outsourcing led to SBTC in China's manufacturing industries. A positive correlation is found between international outsourcing and the increase in the skill premium in both static and dynamic models. For each 1‐percent increase in the international outsourcing index, the skill premium will rise approximately 10 percent. This finding indicates the existence of a mechanism through which the effect of international outsourcing on the skill premium is reinforced where SBTC is occurring. However, this may enlarge wage gaps within the same industry. Therefore, China should not only use the skill premium to promote the transformation and upgrading of industries benefiting from outsourcing and optimize the structure of employment but also prevent the negative effects of an increased skill premium.     

农村土地经营权规模化流转溢价:客观事实、结构特征与政策取向

“三权”分置改革的核心是通过放活土地经营权,促进土地规模经营和现代农业发展。近年来,在农村土地经营权流转实践中,部分地区的规模化流转出现溢价已经成为基本事实。农村土地经营权规模化流转溢价虽然能够增加流转农户的收入,保障承包户的财产权利,但也会制约土地规模经营,不利于现代农业发展。从来源性质来看,土地经营权规模化流转溢价可分为规模溢价、风险溢价和投资溢价。不同性质溢价的生成机理和应对思路不尽相同,应当加以区分对待。土地经营权规模化流转价格的形成及其调控应以有利于保障粮食安全和土地适度规模经营、促进农业现代化、保障农民的合理利益为原则。在政策导向上,应保护农村土地经营权规模化流转的规模溢价,规范风险溢价,并重构投资溢价。     

女性家庭地位上升、生育率差异与工资不平等

文章通过把女性生育率和劳动力市场性别歧视内生化,为理解工资不平等的发展趋势提供了新的视角。研究表明,随着女性家庭地位上升和生育率下降,企业性别歧视程度降低,于是工资不平等将受女性技术工人和非技术工人生育率差异的影响。如果生育率差异扩大,那么技能溢价将上升。当性别工资差距可以影响女性家庭地位时,生育率下降将扩大女性家庭地位对技能溢价的影响。这一影响机制在关于我国农民工调查数据的实证研究中得到了验证。     

China's skill-biased imports

China has witnessed rapid increases in the skill premium over the last few decades. In this paper, we study the short-run effect of capital goods imports on skill premium in China. The surge in capital goods imports, which embody advanced technology, can explain the rising demand for skill in China. We exploit regional variations in capital goods import exposure stemming from initial differences in import structure and instrument for the capital goods import growth using exchange rate movements. A city at the 75th percentile of the distribution of capital goods imports growth has a higher skill premium by 5 percentage points (0.38 standard deviation) over the one at the 25th percentile. To explore the underlying mechanism, we provide firm-level evidence and show that imported capital goods are skill-complementary.     

Uncertainty and the arbitrage pricing theory

This paper tests the economic importance of income uncertainty in the context of a measured factor arbitrage pricing theory model. This provides a test of the importance of uncertainty using a different methodology and data set than are traditionally used. If income uncertainty affects the investment climate, a statistically significant risk premium will be associated with assets that are affected by uncertainty. The empirical work in this essay finds that a generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity measure of income uncertainty is a priced factor in a model of the arbitrage pricing theory. The risk premium between a baa-rated 10-year corporate bond and a 10-year government bond, as well as the term structure, also are priced factors.     

公共服务与技能溢价——基于劳动力结构的视角

公共服务通过促进技能偏向性技术进步、促进技术行业发展以及影响劳动力结构等途径影响劳动力的供给和需求,进而显著影响技能溢价。本文使用2004—2018年30个省市的数据,通过构建面板模型实证检验了公共服务与技能溢价之间的关系。研究发现:劳动力结构在公共服务与技能溢价之间存在中介效应,公共服务对技能溢价具有显著的负向影响。进一步以劳动力结构为门槛变量进行门槛回归,发现公共服务对于技能溢价的影响存在拐点,且在拐点两侧存在显著异质性影响。东部地区公共服务在门槛值两侧对技能溢价都具有抑制作用,而且随着劳动力结构的上升这种抑制效应不断增强;中、西部地区公共服务在门槛值两侧分别呈现先促进后抑制的现象,低于门槛值时公共服务对技能溢价具有显著的正向影响效应,高于门槛值时公共服务对技能溢价则具有较为显著的负向影响效应。当前中、西部地区公共服务水平较低仍未达到门槛值,因而中、西部地区需要不断提升公共服务水平,通过培养和吸引高技能人才,提高技能劳动力在全体劳动力中占比,最终达到缩小技能工资差异,提高劳动者的消费能力和国内国际双循环的政策效果。     

Income inequality and educational expenditures on children: Evidence from the China Family Panel Studies

Using the data from the China Family Panel Studies from 2010 to 2018, we find that rising income inequality causes parents to spend more on children’s education, both in school and out of school. The impact of income inequality on out-of-school expenditures is significant at intensive and extensive margins, especially for study-related tutoring participation. Furthermore, we find some empirical evidence suggesting that in response to rising inequality, mothers spend more time on children’s education and there exists a substitution effect between time and money. Further analysis suggests two potential reasons for the rising education spending: (1) a higher income inequality resulting from rising skill premium strengthens parents’ long-lasting cultural attitude towards education to higher levels, inducing them to spend more on educational investment, and (2) a higher income inequality increases the value of higher education, leading to a stronger demand for better educational opportunities, and then, more intense education competition, forcing parents to invest more in education.     

Who is Better Off from Trade Liberalization? An Experience from Urban China*

Empirical studies have found that the skill wage gap (difference between wages earned by skilled and unskilled workers) narrowed in the case of the ‘Four Asian Dragons’ as they underwent trade liberalization during the 1960s and 1970s, whereas the gap widened in most of the Latin American countries after they liberalized their economies in the 1980s. China's integration into the world economy since 1978 has been used to explain this phenomenon, but few formal studies have been carried out in China regarding the effects of trade liberalization on the skill wage gap because of the limited availability of data. The present study uses unique household surveys conducted in ten provinces of China in 1988 and 1995 to study this issue. Results show that trade liberalization that occurred in China between 1988 and 1995 was responsible for an average increase of 28.73 yuan (approximately 20 percent of the total increase) in average monthly wages. However, trade liberalization significantly widened the urban skill wage gap in China by introducing an increase in income only for those who had 13 years or more of education (at least junior high school graduates). Interestingly, import liberalization also only benefited those who had more than 9 years of schooling; whereas export liberalization brought wage increases for people with 7–12 years of education. Finally, those with specific production skills from technical schools, rather than those with several years of general education, were mostly favored in the labor market in China between 1988 and 1995.     

Effect of intra-industry trade on skill premium in manufacturing in China

In making use of the panel data in 27 manufacturing industries, this paper examines the recent increase in skill premium in China's manufacturing. The paper argues that the recent increase in skill premium in Chinese manufacturing can be partly attributed to the decline in intra-industry trade. A reasonable explanation on this is that the decline in intra-industry trade occurred in the period studied is associated with a decrease in output. This led to a reduction in relative demand of low-skilled workers, which supports the hypothesis of the output-skill substitutability, and finally an increase in skill premium. Further, this paper finds that the negative effect of intra-industry trade on skill premium is larger for high-skilled manufacturing than low-skilled manufacturing. One more result in this paper is that the increase in capital input reduced the skill premium in Chinese manufacturing. The empirical evidence is consistent with a modified model of intra-industry trade with differentiated products and three factor inputs: high-skilled labor, low-skilled labor and capital.     

中国农村投资与农民收入和经济增长——对两类农村投资效果的分析

保持经济较快增长、实现农民持续增收是我国经济政策的核心目标.大量研究表明,投资是实现我国经济保持增长的重要动力,但不同投资的性质决定了其效果和影响的层面相差很大,文章认为投资发生地的不同也将导致投资的效果有所差异.本文利用计量手段,定量的经验分析了我国1990-2010年的数据,比较分析了农村人力资本投资和农村固定资产投资对农民收入、经济增长这两大指标的影响结果,发现固定资产投资更具有滞后效应,人力资本投资总效应更强的结论,并对此进行了解释.     

中国面向俄白哈关税同盟的OFDI比较与影响因素分析

本文旨在探讨中国投资俄白哈关税同盟市场的重要意义;了解中国投资该市场的历程、现状;解读中国投资该市场有利与不利的影响因素.本文认为中国对俄白哈关税同盟市场投资有利于双方建立互利的经济合作新模式,投资拉动将成为出口增长新动力.从投资流量来看,中国对同盟成员国投资流量分布不均衡,但均保持较快增速;投资存量横向比较偏低,纵向比较增长良好,但国别差异明显.从投资领域来看,偏重采矿业和农林牧渔业等第一产业,对制造业和服务业投资不足.同盟成立对中国向其投资的有利因素体现在市场扩大效应、成本降低效应、环境改善效应、经济特区效应、产业转型效应和白色清关效应等方面,不利因素则表现为投资替代效应、关税溢价效应、隐性投资壁垒效应和地下资源保护效应等方面.     

经济增长、投资与城乡收入差距互动关系的实证分析

本文在分析我国城乡收入差距对投资和经济增长影响的基础上,建立了一个能考察经济增长、城乡收入差距与投资互动关系的联立方程组模型,用2SLS和3SLS方法估计结果表明,劳动者受教育程度和人均收入水平的提高既能促进经济增长,又能缩小城乡收入差距。因此,降低固定资产投资在GDP中所占比重、转变产业结构是实现我国经济增长效率和公平双目标的有效途径。     

收入、生态与农民共富:来自农户的证据

乡村生态振兴对于推进农民走向共同富裕至关重要，但作用机理并不清晰。文章构建"农民收入-要素配置-生态环境"的分析线索，使用中国劳动力动态调查数据（CLDS），揭示生态振兴赋能农民共富的实现路径。结果表明：（1）经济收入对农民幸福感产生"倒U型"影响。但在拐点来临之前，促进收入增长仍是提升幸福感并推进共同富裕的重要措施。（2）收入具有结构性差异。其中，由外出务工获得的非农收入隐含"人户分离"及情感缺失，对农民家庭幸福产生"倒U型"影响，农业收入则能够持续地增进幸福感。（3）农业具有生态依赖性。特别地，生态振兴通过促进农地经营规模、农业劳动力供给与农业长期投资进而实现农业增收。进一步的分析表明，生态环境显著地缩小了城乡收入差距并有助于实现全局意义上的共同富裕。文章认为，单纯以非农收入为导向不利于增进农户幸福感，有必要通过生态振兴促进农业经营性增收以诱导他们走向共同富裕。     

投资率与地方政府增值税税源——基于静态和动态面板数据模型的实证分析

文章从全国和省级两个层次,对我国投资率与地方政府增值税税源状况进行描述,并根据国民收入恒等式从理论上证明,提高投资率将会增加地方政府的增值税税源。在此基础上,使用静态和动态面板数据模型,就投资率对地方政府增值税税源的影响进行实证分析。研究结果表明:我国的投资率与地方政府增值税税源成倒U型曲线关系;地方政府增值税税源在时间上具有连续性。基于增值税税源因素的考虑,地方政府有推高投资率的动机,但过高的投资率将侵蚀地方政府增值税税源。我国地方政府应适当控制本辖区的投资率水平,并保持经济调控政策的稳定性。     

关于存款保险费费率的推算问题

影响存款保险费费率的因素有许多。由于我国的存款保险制度尚在筹划之中,影响存款保险费费率的各种因素均不存在经验值,但是,该费率的性质表现为,它与“期望保费收入”以及“期望赔付成本率”成正比,与“平均每份保单的期望保险金额”成反比,即R=Ep/Tn·M-G/n（1-Ep）。通过确定存款保险基金的预期规模,保险基金达到该规模所须年数的预设,存款保险人投入作为保险基金的资本金总额的确定,以及对保单集合期望赔付成本、期望赔付成本率、期望保费收入等的预定就可以测算存款保险费费率的数值。     

Economic transition and college premium in urban China

China has recently undergone a series of reforms on higher education aimed at raising the level of human capital. However, relatively little is known about returns to higher education (i.e. college premium) and how it varies across population in China over time. In this paper, we contribute to the literature by examining college premium in urban China during the period of 1995–2002. We also explore the differences in college premium by gender and by sector. To isolate the causal effects of college education, we employ a novel instrumental variable approach based on heteroskedasticity in college decision to circumvent potential endogeneity and measurement error problems. Our results imply a much larger college premium and a greater growth in the college premium relative to their OLS counterparts, consistent with the general literature on returns to education. More interestingly and starkly contrasting to the existing studies using OLS in the Chinese context, our results imply that (1) the college premium is larger for women than for men in the early stage of economic reforms, but the difference decreases and becomes statistically insignificant over time; (2) the college premium is larger for workers in the state-owned enterprises than that in the non-state-owned enterprises during the early stage of economic reforms; this gap is, however, reversed in the later stage. We discuss potential reasons for these results.     

我国东、中、西部地区经济增长差异的因素分析:1952～2005年

本文采用Solow的增长核算方法,对1952～2005年间我国东、中、西部地区经济增长差异的因素进行测算和分析。分析结果表明:①我国地区经济增长主要来自于资本积累,全要素生产率增长对经济增长的贡献不大,劳动投入的贡献非常小;②资本投入增长速度差异是地区增长差异的主要决定因素,促进区域协调发展,需要国家给予中、西部地区更多投资倾斜政策,同时中西部地区自身应注重基础设施,人才环境等投资环境的培育和完善以吸引外来投资;③地区增长差异在一定程度上表现为生产率增长差异,加快西部地区技术进步和效率改善速度,提高其全要素生产率是缩小我国地区增长差异、继续推进西部大开发战略的有效途径之一。     

房地产投资会阻碍区域经济增长吗？——基于中国2000—2017年的经验证据

近年来中国经济出现增长速度放缓、产业结构失衡等一系列问题,资源错配是产生这些问题的原因之一.从房地产投资出发,分析其通过房地产业、非房地产业、消费、经济风险影响经济增长的作用机制,并利用中国31个省(直辖市、自治区)2000—2017年的面板数据加以实证考察.研究发现:在观测期内,房地产投资对经济增长的促进作用低于非房地产投资;全国样本的实证结果显示房地产投资与经济增长呈现倒"U"形关系,说明房地产投资的增加最终会阻碍经济增长;分区域样本的实证结果表明,东北地区和中部地区与全国样本的趋势一致,呈现倒"U"形关系.其中,东北地区只有辽宁省于2014年跨过拐点,房地产投资对东北地区经济增长主要起到促进作用;中部地区6省分别从2008—2011年开始陆续跨过拐点,并持续至样本期末,说明房地产投资对中部地区经济增长造成的负面影响已经持续了10年左右.东部和西部地区的房地产投资与区域经济增长呈现显著的正向线性关系.     

我国有效税率结构的经济增长效应：基于SVAR模型的实证研究

通过测算我国劳动、资本和消费的有效税率,以反映我国劳动收入、资本收入和消费支出的真实税收负担情况,并在此基础上构建SVAR模型来考察有效税率结构冲击对经济增长的动态影响。结果表明：消费支出有效税率和劳动收入有效税率的提高有利于投资率和经济增长率的提高,长期累积效应为正;对资本收入征税,无论在短期还是长期都不利于投资率和经济增长率的提高,长期累积效应为负。研究我国有效税率结构的经济增长动态增长效应,对政府税收政策的制定和实施时机的选择有一定的参考意义。     

我国高技术产业创新绩效与区域差异性研究

采用我国2000—2010年26省市的高技术产业面板数据,对国内研发、技术转移和国外技术溢出与高技术产业的创新绩效关系进行实证研究。同时,考虑到省市间经济发展水平和创新能力存在较大差异,又把26个省市按照经济发展水平划分为三个区域,分别考察各区域的创新绩效。研究发现,本国科研人员投入及技术转移对技术发明起到明显的促进作用,科研人员投入等本国要素及FDI、出口贸易等国外因素则对产业创新有较为显著的作用。各因素对不同收入水平的地区有明显的地区差异性:国内研发等要素投入对高收入地区的技术创新促进性作用比较明显,而FDI等因素对低收入地区整体创新能力均产生明显的积极效应。因此需要根据各地区的经济发展水平和创新能力制定相应的科技政策。