Sorting,Franchising and Real Estate Brokerage Firms

Real estate markets remain localized and reflect differences by region. With a large number of brokerage firms and a smaller number of franchisors, a testable hypothesis is whether in equilibrium fees and royalties are equal to the additional return to the franchisee. If fees are set uniformly across the country, economic rents may be earned in specific local markets. Some franchisees may earn excess profits from the franchise arrangement. Empirical results for 1,143 United States residential brokerage firms in 2001 show standardized uniform franchising costs cover any added returns to franchises in the Midwest and South. Excess returns are present for franchisees in the Northeast. The probability of being a franchisee increases with size and scale.     

Real Estate Risk Exposure of Equity Real Estate Investment Trusts

This study examines the linkage between equity real estate investment trust (REIT) returns and the private real estate factor. The results reveal a tighter connection between REIT and the private real estate market starting from 1993. In addition, large-cap REITs seem to behave more like real estate than do small-cap REITs. Overall, the results are consistent with three notions: (1) that institutional investors provide information-gathering services (Bradrinath et al., Rev. Financ. Stud., 8:401–430, 1995), (2) that a more sophisticated investor base improves information flow, and (3) that a high degree of participation from institutional investors strengthens the linkage between REIT returns and the underlying real estate factor (Ziering et al., The evolution of public and private market investing in the new real estate capital markets, Prudential Real Estate Investors, Parsippany, NJ, 1997).

The Effect of Reputation and Competition on the Advice of Real Estate Agents

We study a two-period bargaining game where buyers and sellers employ real estate agents to help them determine the sales price of a house. We find that agents are less likely to provide aggressive bargaining advice to their client when they receive percentage commissions and when they work for the buyer. In addition, we find that agents are less likely to suggest aggressive bargaining strategies when there is little market competition, the gains to trade are large, in markets where housing values appreciate slowly, and when dual agency is permitted. More importantly, we show that an agent is more likely to bargain aggressively and capture a portion of the gains to trade for a client when the house’s sales price is closely related to the agent’s reputation and future business (referrals).

日本房地产税制改革及其启示

本文认为,我国目前房地产市场环境与日本20世纪七八十年代面临的环境有颇多相似之处,因而日本房地产税制改革的经验对我国有很好的启示作用。第二次世界大战后日本房地产税收政策先后进行了7次较大的改革和调整,文章对此进行了较详细的梳理,并评价了其政策效应,以期为我国充分运用财税政策,加大房地产市场宏观调控力度,提供借鉴和思路。     

关于我国房地产税收问题的若干思考

随着高房价问题的日益突出,通过对个人住房征收房地产税抑制房价成为一个热点话题。从国际经验和国内试点看,房地产税的主要功能是为基层政府提供稳定的财政收入,难以作为调控房价的手段。房地产税无论是从价计征、从量计征,还是分等级定额征收,均有利有弊,我国应审慎考虑各方因素和现实情况,斟酌选择计税依据。从税收征管的简易性考虑,按房地产面积从量计征是现阶段房地产税改革的优选,同时应尽量缩小减免税的范围。     

重视房地产持有环节税的作用 积极推进房地产税制改革

开征房地产持有环节税①是我国财政体制改革的一项重要内容。本文探讨了现阶段在我国开征房地产持有环节税可以实现的政策目标:构建地方税主体税种,完善分税制财政体制;调节居民收入分配和财富存量,缩小贫富差距;稳定房地产价格,促进房地产市场健康发展;促进节约利用土地资源,保护耕地红线;缓和购房压力,促进一般性消费增长,优化消费结构。     

Residential Real Estate Brokerage Efficiency from a Cost and Profit Perspective

Using 1994–1995 microeconomic data from the National Association of Realtors (NAR), this article estimates cost and profit X-efficiency levels in the residential real estate brokerage market using traditional and Bayesian stochastic frontier models. We find that firms err more from failure to maximize profits than from failure to minimize costs. To determine what characteristics influence efficiency, we perform a regression analysis. The results show that franchising and firm age are associated with increases in efficiency, while MLS affiliation and producing a balanced output of listings and sales decrease performance. Finally, we estimate economies of scale and find compelling evidence that firms are operating at increasing returns to scale.     

论我国房地产税制改革的目标与途径

随着房地产市场的发展,尤其是房地产价格的不断上涨,期望通过税收工具抑制房价的呼声越来越强烈。本文认为,房地产价格的上涨是一种长期趋势,税收对房地产市场的调控应注意把握调控时机和调控力度。从税收政策目标看,不应以打压房价为目标,而应以促进房地产市场健康、有序发展为目标,并应在课税对象、税制结构、税负水平和征收管理上进行重新设计,最终建立起全新的、健全的房地产税收体系。     

物业税开征的先决条件之一:房地产产权制度的改革与完善

明晰的房地产产权关系以及相应完善的管理制度是开征物业税不可缺少的重要条件。本文探讨了物业税与房地产产权管理的一般关系,针对我国房地产产权管理现状存在的问题,提出了开展房地产产权登记普查、逐步统一城乡房地产产权管理制度等政策建议。     

房产税税率、房产税收入与房地产税制度设计

基于房产税税率对房产税收入影响理论,运用数理模型,依据沪渝两市自然数据,考量房产税税率变化对房产税收入的影响.结果显示:房产税税率对房产税收入具有重要影响.若提高上海市房产税税率,房产税增收效果更明显;若下调重庆市房产税税率,房产税增收效应更显著.鉴于此,未来房地产税立法改革思路:一是坚持房地产税税负不增加;二是平衡好房地产税立法与其他收费制度的关系;三是统筹税制改革的协同推进;四是兼顾房地产税的地方财政属性;五是谨慎推进.同时,应遵循税收法定原则、地方财政原则、公平原则、确实原则、渐进原则和结构性调整原则.此外,在制度设计方面,纳税人的设计要体现财产税性质,征税范围要涵盖农村,课税对象要包括存量住房,税率要体现差异性,计税依据要由市场价格评估值确定,税收优惠要兼顾免税面积和特殊人群.     

房地产税收调控政策的效应分析与建议

本文梳理了2005年以来国家针对房地产投资规模过大和部分城市住房价格上涨过快状况而出台的多项税收调控措施,并通过理论和实证分析认为,房地产税收调控政策的重点应从目前对供给方征税转向对需求方征税,即在房地产保有环节征税。为此,应尽快建立起全面准确的房地产信息资料和监控系统,加快推进物业税(不动产税)的改革。     

台湾地区房屋土地保有环节税收情况

台湾地区对土地和房屋分别征税,在保有和交易环节分别设置税种。本文在介绍台湾地区房屋、土地保有环节税收情况的基础上,对大陆地区房地产税收征管工作提出了几点建议。     

英国市政税对我国开征物业税的借鉴

近年来我国房价居高不下,2006年国家先后出台相关法规对房地产市场进行调控,但是实施效果并不理想。本文对现行法规在实施中遇到的问题进行了分析,并借鉴英国市政税征收的成功经验,提出通过开征物业税来保证地方财政收入、引导房地产行业理性健康发展的建议。     

我国房地产开发资金来源结构状况分析

本文拟就我国房地产开发资金来源结构状况进行分析,从中可以看出房地产业融资渠道单一,风险过度集中于银行,房地产投融资金融创新滞后,以及房地产开发企业自有资金不足的现象是当前我国房地产投融资市场存在的较为普遍的问题.针对这些问题,本文相应地提出了拓宽房地产融资渠道、加大金融产品创新力度、完善房地产金融立法等一系列政策建议.     

对我国房地产税制改革的几点建议

本文认为,房地产税制度的建立和完善程度与经济发达程度有一定关系;一些发达国家和地区在房地产税制度建设、评估机构设置、纳税人提出反对及上诉程序等方面的做法及经验值得我国借鉴;最后本文结合我国国情,对我国房地产税制改革提出了几点建议。     

Investing for the Long-run in European Real Estate

We calculate optimal portfolio choices for a long-horizon, risk-averse investor who diversifies among European stocks, bonds, real estate, and cash, when excess asset returns are predictable. Simulations are performed for scenarios involving different risk aversion levels, horizons, and statistical models capturing predictability in risk premia. Importantly, under one of the scenarios, the investor takes into account the parameter uncertainty implied by the use of estimated coefficients to characterize predictability. We find that real estate ought to play a significant role in optimal portfolio choices, with weights between 12 and 44%. Under plausible assumptions, the welfare costs of either ignoring predictability or restricting portfolio choices to traditional financial assets only are found to be in the order of 150–300 basis points per year. These results are robust to changes in the benchmarks and in the statistical framework.      

股票价格、房地产价格和我国货币需求的实证分析

本文通过引入股票价格和房地产价格,实证分析了资产价格对我国货币需求关系的影响。协整分析表明,房地产价格对长期货币需求有显著的替代效应,股票价格因素不显著。可变参数误差修正模型分析表明,我国的转轨经济特性使得各经济变量对短期货币需求的影响呈现动态变化的特征,同时金融深化和创新也加快了公众对长期货币需求偏离的修正速度。     

Mortgage Put Options and Real Estate Markets

In this paper we offer direct evidence that financial intermediation does impact underlying asset markets. We develop a specific observable symptom of a banking system that underprices the put option imbedded in non-recourse asset-backed lending. Using a dataset for 19 countries and over 500 real estate investment trusts, we find that, following a negative demand shock, the “underpricing” economies experience far deeper asset market crashes than economies in which the put option is correctly priced.

信贷扩张、房地产投资与制造业部门的资源配置效率

本文考察了信贷扩张和房地产业快速发展背景下,房地产投资对制造业部门资源配置效率的影响。综合使用中国工业企业数据、城市统计年鉴数据和城镇住户调查数据,本文发现城市房地产投资的增加导致制造业部门资源配置效率显著下降。国有企业以较低成本获取信贷资金,并大量用于房地产投资,是导致信贷扩张背景下制造业资源配置效率损失的重要原因。进一步的研究显示,房地产投资对制造业投资的挤出是房地产投资影响制造业资源配置效率的渠道之一。     

论物业税税基评估主体的选择

在物业税开征之前,确立物业税税基评估主体并对其性质予以确认是一个亟待解决的问题。本文借鉴国际经验,通过比较分析,认为我国应该选择准政府性质的专属评估机构来负责税基评估工作。同时,应由物业税税基评估师对物业税税基进行准确评估。