数字经济的生产率增长效应：红利还是鸿沟

数字经济已成为驱动生产效率提升的关键力量,但数字经济的非均衡发展态势可能会加剧区域间的生产效率差距,数字时代下的区域协调发展和共同富裕实现面临新问题和新挑战。基于中国2011—2019年地级市面板数据对数字经济发展与全要素生产率的关系及区域异质性特征的实证研究表明,数字经济具有显著的生产率增长效应,这种增长效应主要体现在纯技术进步上,数字经济未能通过技术效率和规模效率的改进赋能全要素生产率增长。机制分析表明,数字经济主要通过创新驱动效应、创业激励效应以及产业升级效应等渠道促进全要素生产率增长,但影响效应仅在东部地区显著。区域异质性结果表明,生产效率和经济发展水平越高的城市,数字经济的生产率增长效应越明显,进而导致了区域间的生产率鸿沟。门槛效应检验结果表明,数字经济的边际效应递增特征和欠发达城市在人才集聚、金融发展以及固定资产投资等方面的相对不足强化了区域间的生产率鸿沟。     

矿业权重叠对我国煤炭产业全要素生产率的非线性影响

本文通过超越对数生产函数模型,对我国2004~2014年煤炭产业全要素生产率进行测度,并采用门槛效应模型估计了矿业权重叠对煤炭采掘业全要素生产率的非线性影响。通过实证研究,得出如下结论:样本期内,我国煤炭产业全要素生产率出现了先增后降的变动趋势,并且地区差异显著;矿业权重叠与煤炭产业全要素生产率增长之间存在非线性关系,煤炭资源税征收比重和煤炭产业集聚水平是影响这一非线性关系的重要门槛变量;煤炭产业的投资集聚与从业人数集聚,促进了煤炭产业的全要素生产率增长,但企业数集聚对煤炭产业全要素生产率增长形成了阻滞效应,煤炭产业存在不规模经济现象;能耗比重的下降(能源消费效率提升)并未带来煤炭产业全要素生产率的增长,我国面临着较大的能源生产方式变革的压力。     

绿色信贷、产业结构优化与绿色全要素生产率

推动绿色全要素生产率提升,对生态环境保护和经济可持续发展具有重要意义。基于2005-2020年中国省级面板数据,运用超效率SBM-GML模型测算出绿色全要素生产率,采用空间杜宾模型、面板门槛模型和空间门槛模型研究绿色信贷、产业结构优化对绿色全要素生产率的综合作用机制。研究发现：绿色全要素生产率具有正向“空间传染”特性,其提升主要源于绿色技术进步,而非技术效率变化;绿色信贷有助于提高本地区绿色全要素生产率,并通过空间溢出效应对周边地区产生抑制作用;产业结构优化显著提升了本地区绿色全要素生产率,其中,高级化和生态化还存在明显的空间溢出效应,前者会抑制邻近地区绿色全要素生产率提升,而后者促进了其增长;门槛效应检验表明,产业结构优化水平提升到一定程度后,绿色信贷对本地区绿色全要素生产率的作用效果将显著增强,而对于不同维度,这一作用效果只存在高级化和合理化的门槛特征;空间门槛模型显示,本地区产业结构优化水平的提高会减小绿色信贷对邻近地区绿色全要素生产率的抑制作用。     

金融发展与全要素生产率增长* ——基于中国省际面板数据的实证分析

本文以2000-2012年中国省际平衡面板数据为样本,从金融规模发展和金融效率发展两个维度衡量金融发展水平,实证检验金融发展与全要素生产率增长的联系以及中间渠道。研究结果发现,2000-2012年中国全要素生产率出现正增长且主要是由技术进步推动的;无论是从金融规模发展角度还是从金融效率发展角度去分析,都证实了金融发展显著地促进了全要素生产率的增长,金融效率发展的全要素生产率增长效应显著地高于金融发展规模的全要素生产率增长效应,且金融发展促进全要素生产率增长的中间渠道是技术进步效应而非技术效率增长效应;通过引入衡量金融发展缺陷程度指标（民间金融发展规模）,证实了中国金融发展体系效率低下。民间金融发展具有TFP增长效应,且民间金融发展TFP增长效应要显著地大于正规金融发展的TFP增长效应。     

公司并购与全要素生产率变化研究

对并购绩效的研究表明并购通常不能创造股东超额收益,但从并购前后企业全要素生产率的变化来看,大部分企业的产出效率得到了显著提升。本文通过对我国上市公司2002—2014年并购案例的研究发现,并购重组能够提升企业的全要素生产率,企业全要素生产率的增长是通过技术效率、生产效率和配置效率三个方面实现,而规模效率对企业产出效率增长的贡献不明显。     

金融“脱实向虚”、金融结构与全要素生产率

基于2006-2016年间中国30个省市的面板数据,构建了动态面板模型,将金融发展、金融"脱实向虚"和金融结构因素引入模型中,采用差分GMM估计方法,检验了金融发展、金融结构与全要素生产率之间的关系,阐释变量之间的影响机制。研究结论显示:金融发展对全要素生产率的影响受到金融部门与实体经济部门增长差异的影响,金融发展对全要素生产率的影响显著为正,金融"脱实向虚"对全要素生产率的影响显著为负,考虑二者交互项的情况下,金融发展对全要素生产率的积极作用强于金融"脱实向虚"的消极作用,暂时掩盖了金融与实体经济非协调发展对全要素生产率的负向影响;金融结构对全要素生产率有促进作用,即资本市场比重的提升和发展有利于提高全要素生产率;金融发展更多的是通过技术进步影响全要素生产率,金融结构主要是通过技术效率影响全要素生产率,金融"脱实向虚"主要是通过技术进步影响全要素生产率。因此,金融与实体经济协调发展的基础上进一步推动金融发展,加快推进市场化改革基础上提升资本市场融资占比是促进全要素生产率增长的重要途径。     

科技创新促进中国海洋经济高质量发展了吗——基于科技创新对海洋经济绿色全要素生产率影响的实证检验

推动海洋经济高质量发展是建设海洋强国的必然选择。采用2001—2016年沿海省市面板数据,测算我国沿海省市海洋经济绿色全要素生产率,从线性和非线性角度研究科技创新对海洋经济绿色全要素生产率的影响。结果表明：总体上看,近年来我国海洋经济绿色全要素生产率呈先大幅波动后趋向平稳的状态,年均增长率为2.85%,海洋经济绿色全要素生产率增长主要源于技术进步指数而非技术效率指数;科技创新对于海洋经济绿色全要素生产率具有显著促进作用,有助于海洋经济高质量发展;科技创新对海洋经济绿色全要素生产率的影响存在单一门槛效应,越过门槛之后,对于海洋经济绿色全要素生产率的提升作用会更加显著。在海洋经济同样步入新常态背景下,必须坚持从要素和投资驱动转向创新驱动的海洋经济高质量发展道路。     

普惠金融与绿色全要素生产率——基于R&D投入视角

普惠金融是国家金融战略的重要组成部分,其与绿色全要素生产率的关系值得深入探究.通过构建指标体系和使用SFA-Malmquist效率测度方法,分别测算了中国31个省份2007-2017年的普惠金融指数与绿色全要素生产率,并以研发投入为中介变量实证检验了普惠金融对于绿色全要素生产率的影响与作用机制.结果 发现:普惠金融通过缓解企业研发创新融资约束、释放创新活力促进绿色全要素生产率提升,研发投入对绿色全要素生产率的促进作用主要体现在技术效率这一分解因子上.进一步研究表明,该中介效应在空间上具有明显的异质性,在中国西部地区普惠金融的发展对缓解融资约束和提升绿色全要素生产率的作用更加显著.     

金融科技能提升城市包容性绿色全要素生产率吗?

包容性绿色全要素生产率强调绿色发展、社会公平与经济增长协调并进,是判断城市经济发展质量的重要依据。本文以2011—2019年中国284个地级及以上城市的数据为样本,实证检验了金融科技对城市包容性绿色全要素生产率的影响及作用机制。研究发现,金融科技对城市包容性绿色全要素生产率具有明显的促进作用,主要表现在技术进步指数显著提升,这一结论在经过一系列内生性处理和稳健性检验后依然成立。机制分析显示,金融科技能够通过促进绿色创新、增加环保投资以及激发创业活力提升城市包容性绿色全要素生产率。异质性分析表明,金融科技对包容性绿色全要素生产率的提升作用在人力资本水平、金融发展水平和基础设施水平较高的城市中更为明显。本文的研究为加快实现经济绿色发展和包容性增长的“双重红利”提供了重要的经验证据。     

“双碳”目标下三大流域产业转型升级与绿色全要素生产率提升

产业转型升级是提升绿色全要素生产率和实现“双碳”目标的重要驱动力。研究结果表明：长江流域、珠江流域和黄河流域绿色全要素生产率水平依次递减,多数省份是由于技术效率未得到改善而抑制绿色全要素生产率增长;三大流域产业转型升级水平并不同步,产业结构整体向合理化的方向发展,但产业结构高级化发展并不理想;三大流域分别处于不同发展阶段,绿色全要素生产率与产业转型升级的互动关系也因地区差异而存在不同,长江流域和黄河流域的绿色全要素生产率提升分别受到产业结构高级化和产业结构合理化的影响,珠江流域的绿色全要素生产率提升对产业结构合理化有促进作用。为实现三大流域“双碳”目标下的产业转型升级,需要促进技术效率增长,提升产业结构高级化水平,因地制宜推动优势产业高质量发展。     

Government Spending and Welfare with Returns to Specialization

We explore a novel channel through which government spending can stimulate consumption and welfare through its effects on aggregate productivity, without directly affecting either utility or production possibilities. In the presence of monopolistic competition and increasing returns to specialization, it is shown that government spending can partly alleviate the inefficiencies of monopolistic competition. This is because government spending generates an endogenous increase in total factor productivity by increasing the variety of intermediate goods. If the degree of increasing returns to variety is large enough, a rise in such wasteful government spending may increase consumption levels enough to increase welfare.
JEL classification : E 60     

International business cycles and the relative price of investment goods

Abstract Is the relative price of investment goods a good proxy for investment specific technology? We model this relative price in a flexible price international economy with two fundamental shocks, namely, the total factor productivity (TFP) shock and the investment‐specific technology (IST) shock. We show that the one‐to‐one correspondence between the IST shock and the relative price of investment goods breaks down in an international economy because of the short‐run correlation between the terms of trade and the relative price of investment goods. The data congruent negative correlation between the investment rate and the relative price of investment goods thus does not necessarily reflect decline in investment frictions (rise in IST), as suggested by many studies. A calibration experiment with the US data demonstrates that such an inverse relation between rate of investment and the relative price of investment goods basically reflects the positive effect of TFP on the terms of trade for a broad range of economies where the home bias in consumption exceeds investment and there is a sizable adjustment cost of investment.     

融资激励和融资约束对PPP模式下公共产品提供效率的影响——基于不完全契约理论的一般均衡分析

通过构建不完全契约理论下的一般均衡模型,对比分析了PPP模式中的融资约束和融资激励对公共产品提供效率和社会福利的影响,并探讨了融资约束条件下的效率损失。结果显示:私人融资的专业性可以提高公共产品合意程度,但是私人部门的融资约束会抵消其专业性带来的好处,导致社会福利损失。最后针对民营企业参与PPP项目对政府提出建议:必须打破融资约束和制度歧视,完善和规范金融市场,在公平、竞争的市场环境下引入专业机构参与公共产品提供的各个领域。     

Does Productivity Growth Appreciate the Real Exchange Rate?*

Revisiting the time‐honored link between productivity growth and the real exchange rate, we find that higher labor productivity tends to appreciate the real exchange rate, consistent with the traditional view. Contrary to the traditional view, however, we find that the positive productivity effect is transmitted through the relative price between tradable goods, rather than through the relative price between tradables and nontradables. Moreover, higher total factor productivity is found to often depreciate the real exchange rate. These latter two pieces of evidence, combined with the conceptual strength of total factor productivity over labor productivity as a productivity measure, call for further refinement of the conventional view regarding the effect of productivity on the real exchange rate.     

Shadow prices and substitution in trade distorted economies

This paper derives simple and operational shadow pricing rules in a three-sector, three-factor general equilibrium model incorporating nontraded goods. Under the Little-Mirrlees method, if a single simple and empirically plausible condition is satisfied, the accounting ratio for land will exceed unity and those for capital and labor will lie below unity. If this condition is not satisfied or cannot be verified, it is still possible to fix some accounting ratios above or below unity just from knowledge of the signs of substitution patterns in consumption and factor intensity patterns in production. Guidelines are also derived for setting the shadow prices of nontraded goods or quota restricted imports. It is shown that the alternative, domestic price method generally yields less useful guidelines than the Little-Mirrlees method.     

Optimal labor income taxation in a two-sector dynamic general equilibrium model

This paper presents a new approach to the two-sector optimal taxation problem. We derive the optimal labor income tax rate which depends on factor intensity across sectors. It is the labor intensity that determines the initial wage rate, and therefore the optimal labor tax rate. We show that an increase in the initial relative price of consumption goods decreases the optimal tax rate on labor income in the case that the consumption goods sector is capital-intensive while it increases the optimal tax rate on labor income in the case that the investment goods sector is capital-intensive.     

Understanding the Effect of Productivity Changes on International Relative Prices: The Role of News Shocks

The US real exchange rate and terms of trade have been found to appreciate when US labour productivity increases relative to the rest of the world. This finding is at odds with predictions from standard international macroeconomic models. In this paper, we find that incorporating news shocks to total factor productivity (TFP) in an otherwise standard open‐economy sticky‐price dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model with variable capital utilization can help the model replicate the above empirical finding. Labour productivity increases in our model after a positive news shock to TFP because of an increase in capital utilization. Under some plausible calibrations, the wealth effect of good news about future productivity can increase domestic demand strongly and induce an increase in home goods prices relative to foreign goods prices.     

总需求、国际贸易与我国省际生产率变化——基于省际面板数据的研究

全要素生产率的提高是促进经济持续增长的重要原因,对生产率的研究,主要是从供给方面展开的,本文试图从需求角度研究全要素生产率变动的原因。理论上看,总需求通过影响技术创新、技术选择、规模经济效益和要素的使用效率等途径引起生产率的变化,国际贸易则通过促进分工深化、产生技术溢出等促进生产率的提高。然后,本文采用数据包络分析方法测算了中国省际全要素生产率变化,并将其分解为技术效率的变化和技术进步。结果发现中国改革开放以来全要素生产率增长主要是技术进步的结果,技术效率的作用很小。在测算和分解的基础上,利用省际面板数据,就总需求和国际贸易对生产率增长的影响作了实证分析,发现最终消费和资本形成对技术进步和全要素生产率的提高作用显著,出口对生产率增长的作用不显著,进口显著地促进了省际全要素生产率增长和技术进步。     

Real exchange rates,asset prices and terms of trade: A theoretical analysis

This paper develops a continuous-time two-country dynamic equilibrium model, in which the real exchange rates, asset prices, and terms of trade are jointly determined in the presence of nontradable goods. The model determines the relation between the financial markets and real goods markets in the world economy and their responses to various shocks under the home bias assumption. A positive domestic supply shock induces a positive return on the domestic asset markets and a deterioration of terms of trade that improves the foreign output and boosts the foreign asset markets. Demand shocks act in the opposite way. This model also analyses the impact of change in the relative price of nontradable to tradable goods on the terms of trade and asset markets. A higher productivity growth in tradable goods than in nontradable goods leads to a higher relative price of nontradable to tradable goods, which appreciates the real exchange rate, deteriorates the terms of trade, and depresses the domestic and foreign asset markets. A lower relative price of nontradable goods depreciates the real exchange rate, improves the terms of trade, and lifts both the domestic and foreign asset markets.     

The impact of fiscal policies on agricultural household decisions

This paper provides a comparative static analysis of farm household's production, consumption, and labor market decisions under alternative tax policies. We explore the implications of non-separable household decisions caused by widespread non-participation in labor, land, financial and/or food markets, as is typical of low income economies. The analytical results indicate that when labor market imperfections occur, most tax-induced responses are ambiguous, mainly due to shadow price effects. This is particularly the case for the labor market and production responses to most tax tools under study, while a decreasing demand for consumption goods appears to be the result in several cases. Furthermore, tax-induced allocation effects may differ between the non-separable and the separable model versions, indicating the potential impact of labor market constraints on farm household responses to tax policies. In particular, standard taxes as well as a land tax may imply production adjustments in the case of non-separability.