国家级经济技术开发区的可持续发展

1984年以来,我国已累计批准设立国家级经济技术开发区和享受国家级经济技术开发区政策的其他国家级工业园区(以下简称"国家级开发区")54个.在过去的二十多年里,国家级开发区从创建到稳步发展,取得了显著成果,并对所在地区的经济发展起到了示范和促进作用.     

A framework for technology based national planning

Technology, in today's increasingly interdependent society, provides hope, values, and faith for mankind. It brings hope for bridging the gap between the haves and the have-nots; it is responsible for altering economic and social values; and it is the faith upon which the world of tomorrow is being built. Thus, the relationship between technology and the development of our societies is inextricably bound in a complex manner. This paper examines the problems of achieving technology induced socioeconomic progress, as well as the limitations of current national accounting practices. To integrate technological considerations into the national development planning process better technology measurement methodologies must first be designed. Secondly, to make the integration process more organic and effective “make-some and buy-some technologies,” based on the concept of an approach to development planning and using three technology domains (importing technology, traditional technology, and exporting technology) is needed.     

A new definition and framework for the development of a national technology strategy: The case of nanotechnology for Iran

In this research, we use the concepts of “national technology policy” as well as the “firm technology strategy” in defining a new definition for “national technology strategy”. Then, by examining several national technology strategies in a variety of fields in different countries the national nanotechnology strategy for Iran is developed. Furthermore, using capability-effectiveness matrix and SWOT analysis we identify strategies of nanotechnology development in Iran. Finally, considering other countries' strategies and the results of PROMETHEE Method, we prioritize different areas of nanotechnology for Iranian economy, and test for the validity of the extracted strategies.     

The role of technology development in national competitiveness — Evidence from Southeast Asian countries

Technology development (TD) plays a key role in national competitiveness (NC) by giving a country a competitive edge in our age of information. Lots of researchers have focused on specific areas of TD, such as technology transfer, technology acquisition, and technology management, in most of developed countries. To our knowledge, however, they have seldom discussed the influence of TD on other categories of NC and vice-versa in developing and less-developed countries. In this study, we examine the influences of each category of NC of TD. Southeast Asian countries are divided into three patterns by means of a cluster analysis. The results show that Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, and Laos have the same rank on measures of TD and NC. Singapore, Thailand, the Philippines, and Laos have the same rank on measures of TD and Economic Performance. Malaysia and Thailand have the same rank on measures of TD and Management Capability. In contrast, the TD performance of Southeast Asian countries is worse than the human resources performance because of their insufficient human resources assigned to R&D. Furthermore, based on a strategic grid for comparing the relative performance, four types of country and their achievements are discussed. Singapore outperforms all Southeast Asian countries. Malaysia and Thailand have to leverage their TD resources in order to enhance their NC. The other countries are still hindered in developing the determinants of their NC. Finally, our study offers a path to the identification of how countries of each pattern should supplement their insufficient capabilities, and what are the most important issues that need to be addressed in retuning their TD policies in order to enhance their NC.     

Measurement of technology content added

Current measurement activities generally focus their attention on the measurement of inputs and outputs of the science and technology system of a country (particularly the research and development activities). However, very little attention has been paid to the evaluation of the technological transformation activities which are really the key actors in converting natural resources into produced resources. The lack of emphasis on such an evaluation and an overwhelming dependence on certain classical indicators has often led to debatable conclusions. The classical indicators, while serving very useful purposes, may be regarded as being inadequate in their reflection of the level of technological development in a manner analogous to the inadequacies shown by the “gross national product per capita” in measuring national development. This paper proposes that a methodology to evaluate a transformation facility from the technological point of view would be of value in overcoming some of the inadequacies of current technology measurement activities. The procedure presented here considers the four basic components of technology (Technoware; Humanware; Inforware; Orgaware) as the key factors of production and proposes a scheme for the measurement of the “technology content added” at a transformation facility by these four components. An illustrative example is provided, and the policy implications of such an analysis are also outlined.     

Mobilization of financial resources for technology development

Approaches to financing scientific and technological development in the Third World are examined. Governments not only provide the bulk of the funding, but also fill an indirect role through venture capital, incentives, and foreign investments. The successful Korean experience is described and the requisites of the financial institution in its mediating role between industry and the research establishment are noted.     

Planning Science and Technology for national development: The Indian experience

Linking Science and Technology (S&T) with national development is a subject of increasing concern in most developing countries, and this has gained added momentum with the emerging technological revolution. This paper presents a historical perspective of the Indian experience in planning S&T for national development and the subsequent developments. This is followed by an analysis of the experience to bring out some salient points of relevance to India as well as other developing countries. India may have to pay particular attention to promoting participative approaches, implementational realities of plans, simplification of systems and procedures, and macro–micro linkage. For developing countries in general, the paper underlines the importance of improvement engineering, development of work ethic, flexibility and creativity, and the need to take the people along. The ultimate success would depend on the management of change and the generation of momentum.     

哈萨克斯坦信息技术标准及产业发展现状

近几年,哈萨克斯坦紧跟国际发展潮流,开展信息技术标准研究和制定,为信息产品的开发、设计制造、质量检验等提供了重要技术依据,也为电子商务的发展奠定了较好的基础.哈萨克斯坦信息技术标准以国际标准为主,而本国制定的标准很少,基本不存在技术标准壁垒.信息技术产品市场迅速扩大,网络和系统集成市场正在快速成长,软件市场处在孕育阶段,市场潜力很大.但本民族信息处理技术和软件产品的开发和应用,成为制约该国信息化的一个重要因素.     

An institutional approach to national development planning

The increasingly turbulent and unstable international environment requires new approaches to development planning. Current methods need to be reformulated, perhaps by employing an “institutional approach.” Three possible directions are discussed: the need to enlarge the scope of anticipatory decisions covered by the planning process; the need to reinterpret and redefine the concept of the planning horizon, transcending the limitations of the distinctions between short-, medium-, and long-term planning; and the imperative of dispersing planning capabilities throughout society.     

Towards endogenous science and technology for another development

Basing his arguments on a historical survey of the development of science and technology, the author argues for the strengthening of the autonomous S and T capacity of the Third World and gives special attention to the need for a recovery and development of traditional technologies. Such a policy would call for a reorientation of production away from an imitative pattern of consumption that favors a great diversity of goods for higher-income groups, and thus requires a widespread importation of technologies. A different productive structure, based on the satisfaction of basic human needs and with greater emphasis on collective rather than individual consumption, could reduce substantially the need for imported technology and lead to an increased demand for local scientific and technological activities.     

System strategies: application of technology and national systems of innovation theory to the case of australian rural research and development

Recent research has examined 'systems' o f innovation at the 'national' and 'technology' levels. This paper examines the efficiency and complementarity of these approaches through consideration of Australian rural research and development. Australian rural research and development underwent a period of sustained organizational and managerial charge during the 1980s and ear& 1990s. Much of that change has been surrounded by controvercy, due to the nature ofthe reforms that haze been implemented in the sector. The transition from a scattered and disparate research effort prior to 1985, to an effort which is today highly structured, commodity specific and strategically oriented, raises a number of issues concerning the processes used, the motirlation for the change and the manner in which change has been accomplished, The systems approaches of Nelson, Lundvall and Carlsson are used in this paper to examine the reforms that have been experienced in the sector. In so doing, the paper assesses their value as methods of empirical analyses, as well as proriding explanations of change as it has been experienced in the Australian research and development community to move beyond the somewhat restricted investigations of the past.     

Regional development and national identity in sub-Saharan Africa

We study how regional development affects identification with the nation state using a sample of 192 African regions in 16 countries. We measure national identification with survey data from the fourth wave of the Afrobarometer and proxy regional development with night lights data. To account for the endogeneity of regional development, we employ an instrumental variables approach and use a proxy for mineral resource wealth as our main instrument. Our results show that inhabitants of more prosperous regions are more likely to identify with their nation rather than their ethnic group. Regarding transmission channels, we find suggestive evidence consistent with the interpretation that national identification is higher in richer regions because of different cultural beliefs and a lower reliance on traditional ethnic networks. Overall, our research implies that African governments can foster national identification by ensuring that all parts of a country participate equitably in economic development.     

Patent keyword network analysis for improving technology development efficiency

The methods of patent analysis are largely divided into network-based patent analysis and keyword-based morphological patent analysis. Both methods have their shortcomings: internal patent information composed of natural languages cannot be analyzed in the network-based patent analysis method, and the correlation between patents cannot be analyzed in the keyword-based morphological patent analysis method. In this research, we analyze the patents of Light Emitting Diode (LED) and wireless broadband fields via a method that incorporates both the network-based patent analysis and the keyword-based patent analysis methods. And by using network indices, we identify the characteristics of the patent keyword network, and also perform a trend analysis to discover how keywords play a significant role in network changes over time. The analysis results indicate that the patent keyword network is sporadic but clustered and shows a clear power law distribution. Further, the inflow keywords are highly likely to tie new connections with other keywords in the existing associated communities. Also, we confirm the fact that, as time passes, the top core keywords of a particular technology field continue to play an important role in the network and that also the rate of technological changes in wireless broadband field is faster than that of LED. Through the proposed analysis, researchers can easily grasp what technology keywords are important in the specific technology field and identify the relations between the essential technology elements; furthermore, this information can be utilized for developing new technologies by combining these technology elements extracted from community analysis.     

Trade, technology transfer and national efficiency in developing countries

This paper simultaneously explores the determinants of the developing countries’ production frontier and these countries’ ‘efficiency’ in using the available resources and technology. In doing so it allows for the transfer of (industrial country) technology in determining the frontier and for international trade's influence on absorptive capacity and national efficiency levels. Stochastic frontier analysis is used to model the production frontier for 57 developing countries for the period 1970-1998, to measure cross-country and temporal differences in efficiency levels and to explain the differences in efficiency levels. The results indicate significant differences in efficiency levels across countries and regions and movement over time, and an important influence of trade and trade policy in raising output both through technology improvements embodied in imported capital goods and by inducing efficiency improvements.     

Contingent knowledge and technology development

It is widely recopnized that many different opes and forms of knowledge contribute to technology development. Formal codified knowledge, tacit knowledge, informal knowledge and cultural knowledge have all recently been addressed. However, one other particular form of knowledge—the contribution of knowledge/information embodied in the working context—has not been directly or explicitly addressed to the same extent. Tet this form of knowledge—'contingent knowledge'—it is argued, plays a crucial but under-appreciated role in technology development and innovation. In this paper, the concept of contingent knowledge is further explicated and illustrated by means of examples, and the strategic and practical implications are drawn out.     

Social technology and economic development

The large gap between the best available technology and technology in use, especially in the less developed world, is primarily due to social and cultural factors that can only be changed by means of deliberately applied social technologies. Thus, conventional strategies for global population stabilization, economic development, and environmental improvement often put the cart before the horse.     

曙光油田改善稠油开发效果配套技术

曙光油田以稠油为主,具有油藏类型多、开发特征差异大的特点.自1983年投入规模开发以来,通过开发效果配套技术的研究应用,实现了曙光稠油的高效稳定开发.对曙光油田开发开采配套技术进行了总结,明确了十一五工作方向.     

Measurement of level and gap of technological development

In the present world of exponential technological growth, technological cooperation is a major imperative. In selecting optimal partners for technological cooperation, it is necessary to have a good understanding of the levels and gaps of a technology with respect to the cooperating countries/industries/firms. This is because both large and small gaps in technology make cooperation difficult. However, technological cooperation is a viable proposition for partners with moderate gaps, since the benefits would be mutual. Gaps and levels can be measured in an absolute or relative sense, and also in qualitative or quantitative terms. This paper presents procedures for the analysis of levels and gaps with respect to specific technologies. Illustrative examples from selected fields are included. It is hoped that a disaggregated analysis of levels and gaps in terms of the four basic components of technology can give better insights for technology planning.     

The choice of technology in economic development

The impact of capital accumulation on job creation is an important and interesting issue in economic development. This model provides a general-equilibrium framework for studying technology choice with unemployment in a developing economy based on micro-foundations. Unemployment in the urban sector results from the existence of efficiency wages. Manufacturing firms engage in oligopolistic competition and choose technologies to maximise profits. A more advanced technology uses more capital and less labour. In the steady state, an increase in the amount of capital induces firms to choose more advanced technologies and the wage rate increases. While a higher capital stock always induces firms to choose more advanced technologies, urban unemployment rate may decrease and agricultural sector employment may increase.