信贷市场交易主体的异质性与借贷匹配研究——基于江苏80家商业银行和301家企业的样本数据

本文通过对商业银行和中小微企业的调查,分析信贷市场上不同商业银行和企业之间的匹配关系,研究表明:信贷市场上,不同银行信贷技术、信贷合约的异质性与不同规模企业信息禀赋和融资需求的异质性存在着匹配,但外部环境如信贷基础设施会影响商业银行相关信贷技术的采用,从而使交易主体的借贷匹配有所调整。贷款利率的全面放开进一步促进了商业银行的差异化定位,但该政策是否会提高小微企业的信贷可获性,还取决于信贷基础设施的完善能否促进大银行采用适合小微企业的信贷技术。     

非对称信息下的信贷配给——中小企业融资的障碍之一

在信贷市场中,由于银行与中小企业之间存在严重的信息不对称,从而中小企业成为银行信贷配给的主要实施对象。逆向选择、道德风险的存在,都会使中小企业受到银行信贷配给的制约,成为其融资障碍。抵押担保、信贷承诺、信用评价与信息共享等方法在一定程度上能缓解信贷配给。     

中小企业银行信贷融资研究

由于中小企业本身的规模、资信等原因,中小企业在发展过程中一般都会受到融资难的限制,成为制约中小企业生存和发展的瓶颈。而银行信贷是中小企业融资重要的渠道之一,本文主要分析中小企业银行信贷融资的现状,深入分析总小企业信贷融资目前存在的问题,提出解决的途径。     

中小企业银行融资体系框架的理论分析及设计思路

在我国,中小企业已发展为国民经济中一支重要而且活跃的力量,而中小企业信贷融资难的问题则一直是我国政府和经济学界共同关注的课题。本文针对目前国内大多数学者以"中小金融机构能更好地解决银企间信息不对称"为理论观点,比较了大、小银行对中小企业的信息优势,提出应以中小企业市场现实为出发点,建立多层次的银行信贷融资体系,以全面缓解中小企业信贷融资难这一难题。     

逆向选择、信用担保与银行信贷契约设计

本文从引入第三方信用担保的角度,探讨防范中小企业信贷市场逆向选择发生的银行信贷契约设计问题.研究认为,在信息不对称的条件下,考虑到银行内部信贷治理机制因素,银行基层机构将对高风险中小企业实行高担保、高贷给率;对低风险中小企业实行低担保、低贷给率.另外,引入担保企业的前提条件是其能够有效缓解银行与中小企业问的信息不对称问题,在银行与中小企业之间起信息桥梁的作用,防范信贷市场逆向选择的发生.     

2012年诺贝尔经济学获奖理论述评

沙普利、埃尔文.罗斯等学者的"G-S算法"阐述了如何在某些失灵的市场找到可以让市场参与者都能接受的匹配方案。罗斯则运用这种算法,精心设计了各项实验,通过实践验证这种算法的有效性,并取得了非凡的成就,成功地解决了许多市场当前尚未有效解决的问题。本文引用埃尔文.罗斯与罗伊德.沙普利的经典模型,通过"高校招生"模型说明稳定市场匹配能够实现资源的最优配置。引述沙普利的"联盟博弈"模型,对比帕累托最优的三项必要条件,简要拓展分析稳定匹配理论和市场设计实践与竞争均衡之间的联系,得出市场运行条件更趋于理想化的结论。     

信贷配给:转轨时期银行对中小企业信贷决策的现实选择——兼论我国中小企业贷款难的解决

文章以信贷配给理论为基础,结合我国当前实际,设计纳入抵押品价值、抵押清算交易成本、银行审查成本等因素的银行信贷决策模型,分析得出:由于借款企业产权不明晰、信贷利率受管制等,信贷抵押很难成为有效的信号传递,容易形成混同均衡;较高的抵押清算成本降低了抵押品价值的信号作用。因此,在信息不对称的非竞争性信贷市场信贷配给是银行理性行为的结果,这样中小企业在银行信贷配给中处于不利地位,导致其向银行融资困难。最后,提出了解决中小企业贷款难的对策建议。     

基于匹配理论的中小企业转型升级研究

文章将中小企业转型升级过程中员工-升级的匹配特性概括为能力匹配和价值匹配,构建了以转型升级感知为前因变量,员工-升级匹配为中介机制以及客户导向作为调节变量的模型,采用偏最小二乘结构方程模型进行分析.研究结果显示:流程升级感知对员工价值匹配和能力匹配均有积极影响;产品升级感知对员工能力匹配则表现为消极影响,但顾客导向会削弱这一负向效应;价值匹配和能力匹配均对员工心理福利和社会福利产生了积极的影响.     

我国信贷配给对中小企业融资的影响

由于信贷市场上信息不对称以及道德风险的存在,信贷配给一直存在着.而近年来,随着我国商业银行资产质量管理的加强,我国的信贷市场也逐渐走向规范,因而信贷市场也出现了信贷配给现象.这种信贷配给主要针对这资产质量差、风险高的中小企业.这也是我国中小企业融资难问题的原因之一.针对这一现象,我们应采取相关措施,减少信贷配给中小企业融资问题带来的障碍,为我国中小企业的发展创造良好的资金信贷条件.     

劳动力市场搜寻与匹配理论——2010年诺贝尔经济学奖得主的重要贡献

彼得.戴蒙德、戴尔.莫滕森和克里斯托弗.皮萨里德斯三人因在劳动力市场搜寻与匹配理论及其应用的突出贡献,共同获得2010年诺贝尔经济学奖。其中,戴蒙德通过提出著名的戴蒙德悖论,开创了劳动力市场搜寻与匹配理论框架;在此基础上,莫滕森认为,建立工资公告等匹配机制有助于劳动力市场博弈实现均衡,从而拓展了摩擦性失业相关理论研究;而皮萨里德斯则通过推动匹配函数与工资议价等的确立,进一步完成了劳动力市场搜寻与匹配理论的系统化过程。借鉴该理论,中国劳动力市场应做出提高信息传播效率、提高农村的信息水平、政府制定针对性相关政策等改进。     

Interlinking and Collusion

In this paper, we suggest a new rationale for the existence of interlinked contracts in the agrarian economies of developing countries. Using the framework of an infinitely repeated game with discounting, we show that interlinked contracts can help the dominant parties to collude, in cases where collusion is not possible with noninterlinked contracts. This occurs because either interlinkage pools incentive constraints across markets, or it affects the incentives of agents to accept deviating contracts. We illustrate these mechanisms by considering the case of interlinkage between markets for credit and share tenancy. The model that is used to formalize the second mechanism is characterized by frictions in the tenancy market, which we model using the standard framework of search and matching.     

Financial systems and economic growth in South Africa: a dynamic complementarity test

This study examines the relationship between banks, stock markets and economic growth in South Africa. The study attempts to answer one critical question: are stock markets and banks complementary to one another in the process of enhancing economic growth? The complementarity between the stock markets and banks is examined by including a set of interactive terms in a standard growth model, alongside bank development and stock market development proxies. In order to test the robustness of the results, three proxies of stock market development have been used, namely stock market capitalization, stock market traded value and stock market turnover – against the ratio of bank credit to the private sector, a proxy for bank-based financial development. The economic growth is, however, proxied by real GDP per capita. Using the ARDL-Bounds testing procedure, the study finds that the complementarity between stock market development and bank-based financial development is weak and sensitive to the proxy used to measure stock market development.     

Marriage Matching and Intercorrelation of Preferences

Men's and women's preferences are intercorrelated to the extent that men rank highly those women who rank them highly. Intercorrelation plays an important but overlooked role in determining outcomes of matching mechanisms. We employ simulation techniques to quantify the effects of intercorrelated preferences on men's and women's aggregate satisfaction with the outcome of the Gale–Shapley matching mechanism. Our results show that even a small amount of positive intercorrelation in a matching market means increased satisfaction for women and dramatically decreased potential for strategic manipulation. Negative intercorrelation has the opposite effects. Thus, matching markets characterized by positive intercorrelation are well suited for matching via Gale–Shapley, while markets characterized by negative intercorrelation may face opposition from the nonproposing side of the market. So that our results are immediately applicable, we also define and employ a general measure of intercorrelation that can be used for any matching market.     

The role of labor markets for euro area monetary policy

In this paper, we explore the role of labor markets for monetary policy in the euro area in a New Keynesian model in which labor markets are characterized by search and matching frictions. We first investigate to which extent a more flexible labor market would alter the business cycle behavior and the transmission of monetary policy. We find that while a lower degree of wage rigidity makes monetary policy more effective, i.e. a monetary policy shock transmits faster onto inflation, the importance of other labor market rigidities for the transmission of shocks is rather limited. Second, having estimated the model by Bayesian techniques we analyze to which extent labor market shocks, such as disturbances in the vacancy posting process, shocks to the separation rate and variations in bargaining power are important determinants of business cycle fluctuations. Our results point primarily towards disturbances in the bargaining process as a significant contributor to inflation and output fluctuations. In sum, the paper supports current central bank practice which appears to put considerable effort into monitoring euro area wage dynamics and which appears to treat some of the other labor market information as less important for monetary policy.     

经济波动、超额准备金率和内生货币-基于信贷市场资金搜寻和匹配视角

本文基于信贷市场资金和项目的搜寻与匹配视角建立了一个内生货币模型,分析经济波动和货币政策对超额准备金率和货币乘数的影响。比较静态分析发现,超额准备金率具有逆周期特征;其变化有减弱法定准备金率和基础货币政策效果的作用。动态分析发现,超额准备金率具有滞后周期特征;超额准备金率的内生变化会带来货币政策的时滞效应。通过中国数据校准参数后的模拟发现,较高惰性的法定准备金率调整政策不仅不能有效抚平信贷市场波动,反而可能是造成信贷市场不稳定的原因。对中国数据的实证分析表明,超额准备金率的上述特征都具有很好的统计显著性。     

Volatility transmission to the fine wine market

The goal of this paper is to explore volatility transmission from various markets to the fine wine market. Knowledge of these channels for transmitting volatility to the wine market allows practitioners to anticipate the future volatility and the consequences of a shock on the wine market, to develop their investment strategy and diversify their risk. We especially analyse the impact of U.S. markets (i.e. art, commodities, credit, financial and real estate) during the 2007–2017 period. We shed additional light on how the volatility of the fine wine market varies during an extended period including a financial crisis. Our results indicate that, in the short-term, volatility is transmitted with a negative effect through the financial and commodity markets and with a positive effect through the art, residential real estate, and credit default markets. In the long-term, the wine market is impacted by all other markets. We show that correlations are time-varying.     

地方经济增长目标与要素市场扭曲

本文采用中国2005—2017年省级政府工作报告中的经济增长目标数据,实证检验了地方经济增长目标对要素市场扭曲的影响。研究发现:(1)地方经济增长目标对要素市场具有显著的扭曲效应。通过干预信贷资源配置、扩大土地出让和压低劳动力工资等方式扭曲要素市场是地方政府实现经济增长目标的主要方式。(2)地方经济增长目标对要素市场扭曲的影响存在区域异质性。经济增长目标对要素市场的扭曲效应在中西部地区和保增长压力较大地区更为明显。(3)地方经济增长目标对要素市场扭曲的影响存在基于制度环境的门槛效应。随着金融制度、法律制度和产权制度的改善,经济增长目标对要素市场的扭曲效应将会减弱。本文为政府目标管理和要素市场扭曲等领域的研究提供了新视角,为相关政策的制定提供了重要的现实依据。     

地方经济增长目标与要素市场扭曲*

本文采用中国2005—2017年省级政府工作报告中的经济增长目标数据，实证检验了地方经济增长目标对要素市场扭曲的影响。研究发现：（1）地方经济增长目标对要素市场具有显著的扭曲效应。通过干预信贷资源配置、扩大土地出让和压低劳动力工资等方式扭曲要素市场是地方政府实现经济增长目标的主要方式。（2）地方经济增长目标对要素市场扭曲的影响存在区域异质性。经济增长目标对要素市场的扭曲效应在中西部地区和保增长压力较大地区更为明显。（3）地方经济增长目标对要素市场扭曲的影响存在基于制度环境的门槛效应。随着金融制度、法律制度和产权制度的改善，经济增长目标对要素市场的扭曲效应将会减弱。本文为政府目标管理和要素市场扭曲等领域的研究提供了新视角，为相关政策的制定提供了重要的现实依据。     

The credit market and rural development: A model of a Land Resettlement Scheme

Many markets in developing countries are imperfect, and governments often attmept to eliminate imperfections. The policy implications of completing an incomplete market have not, however, been considered theoretically in the literature. This paper fills the gap, using a model of the credit market in a land resettlement scheme. The major conclusion contradicts a common assumption of the credit rural literature, namely that freely available credit will achieve development objectives. Opening the credit market will contribute to broad objectives such as increasing the options available to settlers, but it will not necessarily achieve narrower objectives such as raising the output of a particular crop.     

Exchange rate policy and imported inflation in a credit rationing economy

The paper assesses the effects of exchange rate policies and imported inflation in the case of Finland, which is a small open economy with underdeveloped financial markets. Under such circumstances interest rates do not necessarily equilibrate the credit market, so that a simplified theoretical disequilibrium model with credit rationing is first presented. In the second part of the paper the Bank of Finland quarterly econometric model for the Finnish economy is simulated. The most important conclusion to emerge from the simulations with the quarterly model is that the effects are highly dependent on the credit market conditions.