关于“容貌歧视”的政治经济学

"容貌歧视",这是一个由"悦目情结"所引出的理论--实践问题. (一) 笔者之所以撰写这样一个易于引起遐想的题目,是由<上海经济报>上的一条新闻话题所引发的.这则话题讲:张静是天津市一位25岁的未婚姑娘,父亲多年前患脑溢血、脑中风,母亲患有尿毒症,张静是家中唯一劳动力.但是因为容貌有点欠缺,张静去用人单位面试千次竟无一成功.她最近向社会呼吁"给个生存的机会".张静的遭遇,可以说是"悦目情结"和"容貌歧视"问题在社会生活中的一个极致表现范例.有过这种遭遇的并不止她一个人.英文里有一个词叫look lsm,意思是"容貌歧视",我们这个社会如何看待look lsm?     

The treatment of racial and sexual discrimination in economics journals and economics textbooks: 1972 to 1987

This article examines two decades of scholarly literature on discrimination and two decades of discussion of discrimination in economics textbooks. At first discrimination was taken seriously and policy responses adequate to the problem were advocated. Today this is a minority position. The article first traces the way thatJEL policies concerning indexing and abstracting have contributed to this change. Next textbooks are analyzed to show how this change is manifested in commonly used curricular materials. Finally, political preferences are shown to undergird crucial arguments like those concerning minimum wages. Conclusions linking ideology to research agendas are put forward.     

银行“惜贷”的信息经济学解释及其对策

本文运用博弈论和信息经济学模型,分析并指出我国信贷市场中的银行"惜贷"现象本质上是由于银企之间信息不对称引起的"逆向选择"的结果;接着证明了扩大银企的共享信息,消除信息不对称,对各方均有利;最后提出相应的对策。     

The effects of the United States granting MFN status to Vietnam

Conclusions In this paper, the direct impacts on Vietnam’s trading opportunities of the U.S. granting MFN treatment were first estimated by building up from the resulting level of tariffs applied to individual traded goods. Then, the economic impacts on Vietnam were inferred, using simulations with the Global Trade Analysis model. The results revealed that the increased market access to the United States brings significant welfare gains to Vietnam. The direct terms of trade improvement resulting from increased market access accounts for 60 percent of the total gain, with the remaining 40 percent derived from second-best induced gains in efficiency. Exports to the United States more than doubled, from $338 million to $768 million.¹³ The estimated increase in exports of clothing is especially significant, with these exports increasing almost fifteenfold, while exports of agricultural commodities decreased slightly. Total welfare as measured by Equivalent Variation increased by $ 118 million or 0.9 percent increase in real expenditure per capita. By granting MFN status to Vietnam, the United States also gains from improved resource allocation, although some of the gains are offset by deterioration in its terms of trade. The gains for the United States were estimated to be around $56 million per year.     

我国物流企业信用监管难点分析:基于产业经济学的视角

随着国民经济的快速发展,物流企业在其发展中所起的作用日渐重要,而物流企业失信行为仍屡禁不止,监管方采取的诸多措施也未取得明显成效。文章从物流企业自身的角度出发,基于产业经济学的理论框架,分析了产业组织、产业布局、产业结构和产业政策四个方面对物流企业信用监管的制约,并在此基础上提出了健全和发展我国物流监管体系的相关建议。     

The economics of the family firm

Abstract

The paper investigates how far the study of family firms constitutes a subject in its own right. It is argued that family ownership per se does not require the development of a special theory of family firms. It is suggested that the uniqueness of the family firm resides in the strength of the dynastic motive, which may strengthen trust between family members, but discourages the recruitment of non-family members and so inhibits the growth of the firm. The strength of the dynastic motive varies across family firms. The paper summarises two recent approaches to the economic theory of family firms which attempt to formalise these insights, and demonstrates the complementarities between them.     

The economics of crime in the urban ghetto

Summary and Conclusion A central conclusion of this paper which explores the economic aspects of crime in the urban ghetto is that it is premature to conclude that an unambiguous relationship between employment opportunities and crime exists. This is not to be considered a repudiation of prior findings of a statistical association between unemployment rates, labor force participation rates, other economic variables, and crime. It is merely a statement of caution when viewing these findings within an analytical perspective devoid of a characterization of the institutional structure of crime and employment in urban ghettos.     

The economics of education in Bophuthatswana

Education usually correlates with economic development. In the transformation process of any traditional society education is most often assumed to provide the solution to or stimulus for development. Many governments are convinced that education or, more generally, capital investment in human beings contributes as much to economic growth as does investment in capital equipment. As a result the proportion of public expenditure on education in developing countries is often very high. This paper is an attempt to point out what the effects of public expenditure on education in Bophuthatswana are, given constraints such as economic efficiency and equity. In Bophuthatswana these economic effects of education tend to go beyond the borders of the country.     

The economics of the private finance initiative

This article outlines and assesses the private finance initiativein the UK. The initiative has been slow to develop despite pressurefrom governments (anxious to limit the PSBR) and several revampsto facilitate the PFI approach. Within a PFI project there arebeneficial incentives to avoid cost over-runs but not to reducecosts where they affect long-run services. These incentivesand the limits to their effectiveness are explored. Such contractsrequire the transfer of risk from the public to the privatesector. the role and pricing of risk in the PFI is analysed.It is argued that the PFI does not value risk correctly andthat the value for money test is biased against private-sectorprovision. Policy implications are discussed, including a revampof the value for money test and the introduction of explicitassessment of the impact of potential renegotiation and othercontractual difficulties.     

The fifth credit tranche

This paper asserts that for all practical purposes the Compensatory Financing Facility (CFF) of the IMF has been abolished except in the name by an IMF decision of 14 September 1983. Since CFF was originally intended to finance temporary and reversible deficits resulting from export shortfalls due to factors beyond a country's control, drawings were usually authorized within a month at low conditionality. The 1983 decision does away with this semi-automaticity, thereby accommodating CFF to the high-conditional upper credit tranches. This development is symptomatic of a general tendency to limit the Fund to high-conditional financing regardless of circumstances.     

The new development economics

The theory of rural organization based on rational peasants in environments where information is imperfect and costly provides a simple explanation for a wide variety of phenomena in LDCs. It provides insights into both why sharecropping is so widespread and why it takes on the particular forms that it does; it provides an explanation of the interlinkage of credit and land markets, and of cost sharing. The paper argues that this theory provides a better explanation of these phenomena than do the competing theories. This theory can be viewed as an important application of a more general paradigm, the “Imperfect Information Paradigm,” which has been useful in explaining economic phenomena under a wide variety of settings: under competition, oligopoly, and monopoly; in labor markets, capital markets, in insurance markets, and product markets; and in developed and less developed countries.     

发达国家学位授予制度嬗变发展

学位授予制度改革是一国实施学位与研究生教育不得不面对的一项重要议程。文章主要介绍与分析了美国、英国和日本3个发达国家的学位规模发展走势与学位点发展情况,并阐释了发达国家学位授予制度的现状,从制度层面分析了学位授权的审核与监督机制。最后针对学位授予提出了价值理性与工具理性的调和性,社会需求导向与学位授予的兼容性,专业认证与学位质量提升的关联性的反思。     

The metamorphosis of development economics

The scientific paradigm of Development Economics is not dead nor is it declining in importance. Instead, it has desynthesized into more than 30 analytical and specialized subparadigms which deal with the complex economic phenomena in LDCs. The great number of sub-disciplines of Development Economics is a verification of the dynamic evolution of the discipline and shows its trend towards increased specialization which seems to be the true index of the scientific progress of the subject. For those who complain that “the current output of new development theories…is smaller” (W. A. Lewis), we remind them that Development Economics is a discipline which has more of a praxeological-concrete orientation than a theoretical-abstract one. It seems that the world today needs more the exercise of development praxeology by the activist than the abstract theorizing of the purists. However, the study and empirical research of development phenomena in the context of the 30 or more specialized sub-disciplines offers an opportunity for improving the quality of our knowledge on these phenomena by the recurrent validation and consolidation of development theories.