我国农村公共服务供给存在的问题及对策分析

完善我国农村公共服务的供给在当前建设社会主义新农村和构建和谐社会的进程中具有深远的意义。文章通过分析,发现我国农村公共服务供给中存在着公共服务供给主体权责不明、供给结构不合理、供给机制不健全等问题。针对上述问题,提出了完善农村公共服务的多主体供给模式、完善供给决策机制及监督机制等对策建议。     

基于委托代理理论的农村公共服务供给分析

由于我国农村社会多层级的委托代理关系,作为委托人的农民很难通过有效的监督和激励机制来约束政府的行为,形成了"供给主导"型的农村公共服务供给决策体制。这种体制客观上造成了政府服务供给和农民需求错位,质量不高。本文从委托代理的视角分析了我国农村公共服务供给中存在的问题,并藉此提出农村公共服务供给制度安排的若干建议。     

基本公共服务供给水平与区域经济发展的实证研究

文章运用面板单位根检验、协整检验及误差修正模型,就三大地区基本公共服务对经济增长的影响进行了实证研究,结果显示,东部地区基本公共服务供给与经济增长之间既具有长期的均衡关系,也具有短期均衡关系,而中部和西部地区基本公共服务供给与经济增长之间却无长期的均衡关系,也无短期的均衡关系。     

地区公共服务增量供给差距的空间演变趋势研究

鉴于当前地区公共服务供给有较大的差距与不平等感受,提高公共服务质量势在必行。研究发现,从均值的历史趋势看,人均公共服务增量供给在逐渐增加;从时间维度看,不平等程度均有下降趋势。针对地区公共服务呈现有差别的联系,文章采用2007—2012年的省级面板数据,围绕地区公共服务增量供给差距,通过公共服务供给的空间分布和空间相关性,揭示当前公共服务供给的空间集聚性与异质性以及经济社会相关性。通过地区公共服务供给空间布局,呈现地区公共服务供给的动态分布规律。     

地方财政依赖与消费扩容升级——基于公共服务均等化视角

"十四五"规划提出,要增强消费对中国经济发展的基础性作用,而民生领域基本公共服务供给侧结构性改革能加快消费扩容升级,进而扩大内需.文章通过面板模型实证分析了地方政府财政依赖通过基本公共服务均等化影响消费扩容升级的机制.研究发现:地方政府财政依赖对基本公共服务均等化,特别是对文化体育服务和城乡社区服务均等化存在显著推动作用;基本公共服务均等化,尤其是文化体育服务均等化对消费扩容升级存在积极促进作用.基于此,文章建议通过提高一般转移支付比重、加快绩效预算改革以及优质公共服务供给等措施促进消费扩容升级.     

公共服务、城市规模与人才区位——基于新空间经济学理论的分析

将城市规模引入新空间经济学理论模型,探讨公共服务、城市规模对人才区位的影响机制,并且利用2011-2017年CMDS微观数据匹配244个城市数据进行实证检验。结果显示：①城市规模对公共服务影响人才区位具有非线性门槛效应,只有当城市规模满足一定门槛条件时,增加公共服务供给才能显著吸引人才流入;②全国层面的实证分析有效验证了理论预期;③分区域看,东部与中西部地区门槛条件具有异质性,东部地区人才流动呈现竞争效应,中西部地区呈现集聚效应;④分城市等级看,大城市与中小城市门槛条件差异明显,满足门槛条件时,加大中小城市公共服务供给,吸引人才效果会更显著。最后提出基于城市规模和区域异质性的公共服务供给对策。     

财政分权是否影响了公共教育供给——基于理论模型与地级面板数据的研究

1994年分税制改革在提升了中央财权的同时,却使地方政府事权负担加重。这种支出的财政分权可能使地方政府减少公共服务的供给,比如公共教育供给。文章首先分析了产生该现象的主要原因,然后构建理论模型,基于1996-2007年全国地级面板数据进行实证研究,结果证明财政分权确实减少了公共教育供给。文章进一步做了不同教育阶段和不同地区的对比。依据分析结果,文章对改进公共教育供给提出了财政体制方面的政策建议。     

国外城市公共服务均等化的研究领域及进展

城市公共服务均等化是国外公共服务均等化研究的一个重要领域,其主要内容包括城市公共服务的功能特点与分类、均等化的界定与衡量、公共服务的供给主体与供给模式、城市公共服务的供给是否均等及其原因、城市公共服务的需求以及影响均等化的因素等方面,研究对象集中在城市内不同群体、不同阶层以及不同邻里和社区之间,形成了"城市公共服务的功能与均等化"、"城市公共服务的供给与均等化"、"城市公共服务的需求与均等化"三位一体的研究体系与研究框架。在当前我国城市社会空间分异格局日益显著的背景下,我们应重视和加强对城市公共服务均等化的研究。     

乡村振兴背景下“村改居”社区如何提升公共服务供给——基于贵州省Y县G社区的个案研究

"村改居"是城镇化推进的重要举措。"新社区"的公共服务发展,不仅是社区治理的重点关注内容,也是惠民、稳定民心的重要安全器。基于文献的研究,发现以土地扭转型的纯农村型"村改居"社区公共服务供给亟须关注。通过对G社区公共服务供给的现状调查,发现G社区在公共服务供给过程的主体单一、内容碎片化、供给过程效率较低。因此,结合社区实际情况,给社区公共服务供给提出构建政府+居民+社会组织+市场+社区能人的多元供给主体和监督机制,以合作社转动公共服务发展解决供给中的资金、人才困境等解决思路。     

非均衡发展模式下的省域公共服务差距及解释——以义务教育为例

本文在非均衡发展模式下构建区域公共服务差距产生的理论路径体系,并以义务教育为例进行实证检验:利用因子分析法测度我国省域公共服务发展得分差距,采用Tobit模型进行解释。结果发现,地区经济发展水平和政府间财政关系对公共服务供给均存在正向效应,且前者大于后者,而公共支出成本差异对公共服务供给产生抑制作用,但属于客观条件。因此,在我国继续深化非均衡发展战略时期,要实现公共服务均等化,短期内可以采取转移支付、收支划分等调节地方政府财力的手段,但根本上还是要通过实现区域经济协调发展来完成。     

Heterogeneous preferences and in-kind redistribution: Theory and evidence

This paper examines the impact of social heterogeneity on in-kind redistribution. We contribute to the previous literature in two ways: we consider (i) the provision of several public goods and (ii) agents different not only in income, but also in their preferences over the various goods provided by the public sector. In this setting, both the distribution and size of goods provision depend on the heterogeneity of preferences. Our main result is that preference heterogeneity tends to decrease in-kind redistribution, while income inequality tends to increase it. An empirical investigation based on United States Census Bureau data confirms these theoretical findings.     

A COMPARISON OF PERFORMANCE INDICATORS FOR TRAINING AND ENTERPRISE COUNCILS IN THE UK

ABSTRACT ** : The use of performance indicators for the evaluation and comparison of efficiency in service provision in the public and related sectors of the economy is continuously developing. While they often represent a step forward, to the extent that they focus attention on the objectives of the organization in question, it is frequently suspected that they fail to take into account non-controllable environmental factors. To do so requires multivariate techniques of analysis. This paper compares the results of three such methods with the raw performance indicators. It confirms the importance of non-controllable factors but also shows that different multivariate methods give results which do not always agree. Understanding the properties of different approaches is essential in drawing conclusions about performance.     

Public–private partnerships for the provision of public goods: Theory and an application to NGOs

When will a public good or service be provided by the government, when will it be provided by a NGO, and when will we see a private–public partnership? This paper provides a model where a typical public good requires different inputs which raises the possibility of partnerships to exploit comparative advantages of different parties. But hold-up problems due to contractual incompleteness in specifying tasks discourage separation of ownership and management. The fact that public goods have the property of non-rivalry and non-excludability and that NGOs tend to be non-profits drives our key results. We apply the framework to NGOs in developing countries which, in the last few decades, have been increasingly involved in various capacities in the provision of a wide range of public goods and services.     

Depreciation and intergenerational altruism in the private provision of public goods

The static model of the private provision of public goods is refuted by empirical and experimental evidence which shows that contributions are above the levels predicted by the theory. The model is reconsidered here in an intertemporal framework that allows the formation of a stock of public good over time and admits intergenerational altruism into preferences. Both of these factors affect the level of private provision. An intertemporal version of the Samuelson rule is derived and it is shown that, for some parameter values, the provision level determined by this is matched by private provision. For other parameter values, it is shown how a system of taxation can achieve the optimum.     

Competition and Public Service Obligations: Regulatory Rules and Industries Games

The introduction of competition in regulated industries may have positive or negative side-effects on the provision of collective goods or services. The paper shows that these effects are closely related to two associated elements: the industrial strategies developed by utilities and the regulatory environment within which they operate. Regulatory rules and corporate strategies influence the treatment of public service obligations. This raises a major issue regarding the regulation of public utilities. To reduce the drawbacks of the introduction of competition, it is necessary to set regulatory rules that allow the implementation of market configurations enabling public utilities to follow a public service orientation rather than a pure market-based approach.     

提高基本公共服务供给水平的政策思路——基于公共财政视角下的分析

提供基本公共服务是公共财政的重要职责。中国基本公共服务供应的短缺和不均等是构建和谐社会的主要障碍之一。中国公共服务短缺的原因是多方面的，从公共财政视角来分析，可以归结于财政支出结构不合理、民主财政的缺失和财政透明度不高等因素。要解决公共服务供应短缺问题，关键是要按照公共财政的思路，调整财政支出结构，坚持民主财政的原则，提高财政透明度，完善财政转移支付制度。     

Advertising as special service provision under non-price vertical restraints: exclusive territories in beer distribution

This article presents statistical evidence which supports Lester Telser's 1960 hypothesis, that when vertical restraints are made illegal, intrabrand competition results which diminishes the provision of point-of-sale, special services. This results because of the public goods problem exhibited by the special services. Increased special service provision by the national manufacturer must then substitute for the special service provision left unfilled by the wholesaler. Evidence relating to the efficacy of such substitution is also presented.     

中国农村耐用消费品需求研究

本文利用国家统计局1999年农户家计调查的横截面数据,采用改进的 probit 模型,对影响中国农户家电需求的因素进行了计量分析。与传统文献讨论耐用品需求的思路有所不同,本文重点讨论了影响农户家电购买因素中与基础设施有关的部分。在此基础上,本文试图遵循统计学的原理,将样本中得到的结论推广到整个农村地区,并提出相应的政策建议。     

TOWARDS A PARADIGM OF DEMOCRATIC PARTICIPATION: CITIZEN PARTICIPATION AND CO-PRODUCTION OF PERSONAL SOCIAL SERVICES IN SWEDEN

ABSTRACT:  Many countries in Europe are now searching for new ways to engage citizens and involve the third sector in the provision and governance of social services in order to meet major demographical, political and economic challenges facing the welfare state in the 21st Century. Co-production provides a model for the mix of both public service agents and citizens who contribute to the provision of a public service. Citizen participation involves several different dimensions: economic, social, political and service specific. The extent of citizen participation varies between different providers of welfare services, as too does user and staff influence. Empirical materials from a recent study of childcare in Sweden will be used to illustrate these points. However, the role of citizens and the third sector also varies between countries and social sectors. Third sector providers facilitate citizen participation, while a glass ceiling for participation exists in municipal and for-profit providers. Moreover, co-production takes place in a political context, and can be crowded-in or crowded-out by public policy. These findings can contribute to the development of a new paradigm of participative democracy.     

Public goods and public bads

In many empirically relevant situations agents in different groups are affected by the provision of a public characteristic in divergent ways. Whereas for one group it represents a public good, it is a public bad for another group. Applying Cornes and Hartley's aggregative game approach, we analyze a general model in which such contentious public characteristics are present and are provided cooperatively. In particular, we establish neutrality results with respect to redistribution and growth of income, infer the effects of preference changes and coalition formation, and present a technology paradox. Finally, we compare the outcome of voluntary provision of the contentious public characteristic with the Pareto‐optimal solution, highlighting a potential conflict between equity and efficiency in this case.