四十年我国市场化进程的经济学分析*——兼论中国模式与中国经济学的构建

过去40年，我国在坚持社会主义基本经济制度条件下努力让市场机制在资源配置中发挥决定性作用。中国模式的特有内涵决定了我们无法在传统政治经济学逻辑或西方主流制度变迁理论中找到答案，唯有坚持直面现实的分析方法，通过对现象的深入剖析来检验和发展现有理论，推进中国经济学研究范式的创新。本文提出了我国制度变迁方式三阶段转换假说，即一个中央集权型计划经济国家可能成功地向市场经济渐进过渡的现实路径是，由改革之初的供给主导型制度变迁方式逐步向中间扩散型制度变迁方式转变，并随着排他性产权的逐步确立，最终过渡到需求诱致型制度变迁方式，从而完成向社会主义市场经济体制的过渡。这证明了中国改革开放伟大实践为经济学理论的发展提供了前所未有的机遇和挑战，中国模式是中国经济学的创新源泉。     

土地制度变迁的比较研究

土地制度的变革对传统社会向现代社会的演变起关键作用。本文运用制度分析的方法,得出中国封建社会治乱交替的根源在于其特殊的社会结构和土地制度,无法形成土地私有产权制度是近代中国停滞的主要原因,而英国土地私有产权制度的形成和演化瓦解了封建制度,成功地建立起现代市场经济。土地制度变迁及其不同道路的影响为我们提供了经验和教训。土地制度变革与创新是我国市场化改革中不可回避和应该认真研究解决的问题     

关于我国征地制度问题的研究

城镇化作为农民职业转换、身份转变和社会价值观转型的载体,其健康发展成为解决中国"三农"问题的核心之所在。目前我国城镇化正处在发展推进期,传统的征地制度日渐显现出其内在的弊端,甚至蜕变为我国城镇化发展中的障碍因素。因此,有必要在廓清我国征地制度的变迁轨迹的基础上,剖析传统征地制度中存在的固有缺陷,为探明相应的制度变迁路径提供一种思路。     

FDI影响中国制度变迁的理论模型——基于强制性制度变迁视角

立足于我国1979年以来的制度变迁以强制性变迁为主的特征,分析了在强制性制度变迁路径下FDI影响中国制度变迁的约束条件,构建了其理论模型,并解释了我国不同阶段、不同地区外资政策差异的深层次原因。     

非正式制度与西部地区经济发展模式关系分析

意识形态作为一种非正式制度,对经济发展、制度变迁有着深远的影响。从我国西部地区经济发展状况看,其发展模式的形成,就与中国传统意识形态有着密切的关系。拟以非正式制度理论为线索来探求西部地区的思想观念及其与经济发展模式的关系。     

论制度变迁中的制度缺失现象及对策选择

本文以制度供给和制度需求作为理论分析框架，分析了制度变迁中的制度缺失现象，并针对我国在社会转型期普遍存在的制度缺失现象提出了现实性的对策选择。     

试析非正式制度变迁与经济行为之关系——以义利观在近代的发展变化为例

制度是人为设计,构造政治、经济和社会相互关系的一系列约束,它由非正式制度和正式制度共同构成。其中非正式制度及其变迁对经济行为的发生存在着重要的影响。文章就中国传统的义利观这种非正式制度在近代的发展变化为例,探求非正式制度、非正式制度变迁与经济行为之间的关系。     

试析非正式制度变迁与经济行为之关系--以义利观在近代的发展变化为例

制度是人为设计,构造政治、经济和社会相互关系的一系列约束,它由非正式制度和正式制度共同构成。其中非正式制度及其变迁对经济行为的发生存在着重要的影响。本文就中国传统的义利观这种非正式制度在近代的发展变化为例,探求非正式制度、非正式制度变迁与经济行为之间的关系。     

农村养老保障制度的变迁与发展

中国农村传统的养老保障制度是以家庭保障为基础的集体保障制度,它存在于计划经济条件下,随着市场经济的建立和完善,这种制度面临许多挑战,中国开始对农村社会养老保险制度进行了艰难探索,虽然经历了艰难的历程,但是,养老社会化仍然是我国农村养老保障制度变迁的方向。     

论我国征地制度的内在缺失

城镇化作为农民职业转换，身份转变和社会价值观转型的有效的动态载体，其健康发展成为解决中国“三农”问题的核心所在。目前我国城镇化发展正处在加速推进期，传统的征地制度不仅不能起到应有的促进作用，反而逐渐显现出其日渐强化的梗阻效应，蜕变成我国城镇化发展中最大的障碍因素。本文旨在廓清我国征地制度的变迁轨迹，探析传统征地制度中存在的固有缺失，为寻求相应的制度变迁路径提供一种思路。     

中国养老保险制度变迁的经济效应

本文针对中国目前正在进行的社会养老保险制度变迁 ,在一般均衡框架下构建了一个两期的动态生命周期模拟模型。我们从宏观经济、微观经济生产者、微观经济消费者、经济公平和转轨代价五个方面对制度变迁的经济效应进行了模拟量化分析。分析表明 ,制度变迁将使资本量和产量增加 ,资本 -产出比提高 ,利率下降 ,工资率上升 ;两类劳动者个人效用上升 ,养老金替代率上升 ,收入分配差距缩小 ;同时发生一定转轨代价。总的来看 ,此次中国养老保险制度变迁的经济效应是正面的。     

中国电信业的制度变迁及其路径选择

本文用新制度经济学的制度变迁理论研究了中国电信产业的制度变迁的必然性。从制度需求和制度供给的变化探讨电信制度变迁的必要性和可能性,认为技术变革、市场需求、相对价格变化以及其它制度的变化导致了制度需求的变化,而制度环境变迁、社科知识的进步以及对其它制度的吸收借鉴引起了制度供给的变化。在审视已有的制度变迁的现状的同时,本文提出营造有效的市场竞争环境、产权制度改革以及产业管制重建是今后中国电信业制度变迁的路径选择。     

个体认知、权威决策与中国农地制度变迁——一个动态演化博弈模型的构建及检验

超越"强制性-诱致性变迁"二分法,构建动态制度变迁模型是制度经济学研究的前沿和难题。本文初步构建了一个以个体和权威为主体,包含制度变迁成本的动态演化博弈模型,并以中国农地制度变迁历程中的两个典型案例进行实证检验。研究表明,权威决策是正式规则的主要来源,个体共同认知则是非正式约束的主要来源,二者共同决定了制度变迁的方向;制度变迁成本是重要的激励约束因素,制度变迁的速度则取决于制度变迁成本与个体认知、权威决策三者的一致性程度,一个高效、有序的制度变迁过程应尽量避免三者的背离和冲突。因此,政府主导进行的农地制度改革应特别关注农民认知,尊重农民意愿;对具有高变迁成本的制度变迁采取渐进改革的方式,适时建立过渡性的制度安排,并在改革的速度与质量之间做好权衡,以减少改革阻力,提高改革效率。     

Planning and Urban Growth: An Anglo-American Comparison

Understanding the complexity of institutional change is a necessary step in gaining deeper knowledge of economic performance over time, and it is one of the main challenges in the research agenda of institutionalism. Institutional change can be studied using a variety of theoretical approaches. We study some of the main approaches to institutional change in original economic institutionalism and new institutional economics. First, after comparing the approaches of Émile Durkheim and Thorstein Veblen, we focus on the contributions of the instrumental value theory and other original institutional traditions in the study of institutional change. Second, new institutional economics improved on the weak points of rational choice institutionalism regarding institutional change and incorporated the “institutions-as-rules” approach (Douglass North) and the “institutions-as-equilibria” approach (Avner Greif, Masahiko Aoki). We analyze both approaches to institutional change. Furthermore, we present an updated nonintegral overview of approaches to institutional change, show several interconnections between original and new institutionalisms, and conclude that the dialogue between the different theories of institutional change is relevant and beneficial.     

试论制度变迁的成因、启示和基本理论

所谓制度变迁,就是指制度的替代、转换与交易的过程。实质上,制度变迁就是一种更高效的制度对另一种更低效的制度的替代过程,即一种新的更有效率的制度的产生过程。因此,着重论述了制度变迁的成因、启示和基本理论。通过对制度变迁的成因、启示和基本理论进行明确的阐释,不仅有助于研究和分析有关和相关制度变迁方面的问题,而且也有益于更好地理解和运用制度变迁基本理论。     

How far does evolution take us? Comment on Elinor Ostrom’s: do institutions for collective action evolve?

Elinor Ostrom’s article in this issue suggests that institutions for collective action evolve, highlights parallels between biological and institutional evolution, and describes an hypothetical example of institutional evolution related to an irrigation system. The article is provocative but not definitive in that it does not demonstrate that evolution is more than a metaphor for institutional change and that institutions actually evolve. This commentary unpacks the concept of evolutionary change and evaluates how well various aspects of institutional change fit within this model of change. The analysis supports Ostrom’s contention that evolution is not just a metaphor for institutional change, but also suggests that not all institutional change can be classified as evolutionary. The commentary highlights the need for further conceptual and theoretical development to delineate various forms and processes of institutional change, distinguish between evolutionary and non-evolutionary change, and draw out the consequences of various forms of change.     

后股权分置背景下我国证券市场的制度变迁

本文立足于后股权分置改革背景下的我国证券市场发展实践,系统地运用制度变迁理论,对我国证券市场存在的制度缺陷和制度变迁需求进行了揭示。在此基础上,提出了包括制度变迁方式、制度环境变迁和制度安排变迁在内的较为系统的制度变迁方案。认为,我国证券市场在后股权分置改革背景下应积极推进以建立做空机制、大宗交易制度和混合驱动交易制度为主要内容的制度安排变迁。     

Three Short Stories of Progressive Institutional Change

The process of institutional change is a fundamental theme in institutional economics. There are multiple avenues for forging institutional change — policies, laws, cultural norms, social movements, and social practices. I analyze three examples of progressive institutional change. While there are many to choose from, the three short stories focus on: (i) accounting for measures of housework and care work in GDP; (ii) transforming legal values through adoption of marriage equality in the United States; and (iii) interrogating the fresh-tomatoes food supply chain in order to achieve a penny-a-pound more in earnings for migrant field workers. Each of these examples of progressive institutional change involves changing values, a cumulative process.     

The Image of Australia. Perceptions of the Australian Economy from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Century

Recent institutionalist and post-Keynesian work on business cycles continues with the traditional institutionalist supposition that financial bubbles drive cycles; however there has been a growing sense in the literature that household consumption, not business investment, has become the key variable. This paper will show how this is a change from historical institutional theory and it will then discuss how this change pushes income distribution toward a more central role in explaining current cycle dynamics. Specifically, this paper argues that much of the economic growth over the last two decades can be attributed to the top two quintiles borrowing more and the current slow growth can be attributed to high quintile households increasing their consumption while middle income households are continuing to deleverage.     

Against Decadence: The Work of Robert A. Brady (1901-63)

Research on institutional change has flourished ever since the debate on agency and structure has moved away from the previously uncompromising positions in which either agency or structure was emphasized. A conceptual compromise is sought here in a focus on the processes of institutionalization, which allows one to move beyond the idea that institutions are mere mental constructs or the point of view that behavior is the mere reproduction of institutional patterns. Contributing to an understanding of the processes of institutional change, this paper analyzes institutional change as instigated by tensions, triggered by agents’ discrepancies berween concrete institutional settings and the socio-economic values these are to represent. The Social Value Nexus that is presented introduces an emphasis on the perceived legitimacy of institutions. Describing (types of) tensions berween socio-cultural values and institutional settings, the paper explores how structure, agency and values interact in processes of institutional change.